2008年6月18日 星期三
BBS
What's BBS? My Indian classmates asked me this question 1 minutes ago. They never heard about Bulletine Board System. Maybe it is another typical and unique Taiwanese style.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system
A Bulletin Board System, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to connect and login to the system using a terminal program. Originally BBSes were accessed only over a phone line using a modem, but by the early 1990s some BBSes allowed access via a Telnet or packet radio connection.
Once a user logged in, they could perform functions such as downloading or uploading software and data, reading news, and exchanging messages with other users. Many BBSes also offered on-line games, in which users could compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often offered IRC-like chat rooms, allowing users to meet each other.
In recent years, the term BBS is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to any online forum or message board.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system
A Bulletin Board System, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to connect and login to the system using a terminal program. Originally BBSes were accessed only over a phone line using a modem, but by the early 1990s some BBSes allowed access via a Telnet or packet radio connection.
Once a user logged in, they could perform functions such as downloading or uploading software and data, reading news, and exchanging messages with other users. Many BBSes also offered on-line games, in which users could compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often offered IRC-like chat rooms, allowing users to meet each other.
In recent years, the term BBS is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to any online forum or message board.
Water from the tap
I miss the first day when I arrived graz. Sabina and Ivan came to airport to pick me up and brought me to Sabina's flat. I totally stayed there for three days, and later I knew that Sabina is in couchsurfing.
I learned many things which are new to me in Europe. The most unforgettable thing is that I like the water from the tap. It was so cold and so tasty. I like it!
I learned many things which are new to me in Europe. The most unforgettable thing is that I like the water from the tap. It was so cold and so tasty. I like it!
2008年6月17日 星期二
Last Two Weeks in FH and Greenbox
Next weekend I will move out greenbox, and also finish my GBP courses in FH-JOANNEUM. Then it will be one month long travel by trian by myself. It's kind of sad to say goodbye.....
2008年6月16日 星期一
Austria go
Later, Asutria will play against Germany. Nobody believes that Austria will be the winner in 2 hours, even the Austrians themselves. Last time in the official games where Austria beated Germany was 30 years ago long. However, in Chinese we say that, the ball is round, which means everything could happen in a ball game. So, please do your best! Good luck!
Always daytime
Recently, the day is always bright in a day. the sun sets at almost 9 or 10 o'clock in the evening. Compared to Taiwan, even in summer, we can only have the sun until 7 or 8 o'clock. I think I got more time in Austria because I am here in summer!
2008年6月14日 星期六
Cost Recod--06/07~06/13
06/07
vegetable x1 = 0.19
cookies x1 = 1.09
paprika x2 = 0.38
peach x 7 = 0.49
---------------------
total 2.15
06/08
nothing
06/09
kabap x1 = 1.5
----------------
total 1.5
06/10
kebap x1 = 1.5
haribo x1 = 0.89
ice cream x1 = 2.49
milk x1 = 2.49
lollipop x2 = 0.4
bread x1 = 0.57
pringles x1 = 1.69
---------------------
total 8.29
06/11
sandwich x1 = 1.09
toast x1 = 0.49
meat x1 = 1.09
icestick x1 = 0.65
--------------------
total 3.32
06/12
french fires x1 = 1.09
----------------------
total 1.09
06/13
euro 08 cap x2 = 7.98
milk x1 = 0.79
meat x1 = 1.49
bread x1 = 1.99
------------------------
total 13.54
vegetable x1 = 0.19
cookies x1 = 1.09
paprika x2 = 0.38
peach x 7 = 0.49
---------------------
total 2.15
06/08
nothing
06/09
kabap x1 = 1.5
----------------
total 1.5
06/10
kebap x1 = 1.5
haribo x1 = 0.89
ice cream x1 = 2.49
milk x1 = 2.49
lollipop x2 = 0.4
bread x1 = 0.57
pringles x1 = 1.69
---------------------
total 8.29
06/11
sandwich x1 = 1.09
toast x1 = 0.49
meat x1 = 1.09
icestick x1 = 0.65
--------------------
total 3.32
06/12
french fires x1 = 1.09
----------------------
total 1.09
06/13
euro 08 cap x2 = 7.98
milk x1 = 0.79
meat x1 = 1.49
bread x1 = 1.99
------------------------
total 13.54
UEFA 2008
UEFA 2008 is going on in Austria and switzland now. Everyone in Europe is almost crazy about it. Even though Austia is not so strong in soccer, still many people here talk about that and sit in front of TV or big screen in the city park, where I have been for last week, sitting for a while and enjoying the happy atmosphere.
Anyone wants souvenirs^^
Anyone wants souvenirs^^
2008年6月13日 星期五
MIG friends
http://www.fh-joanneum.at/aw/home/Studienangebot/fachbereich_internationale_wirtschaft/mig/Menschen/Studierende/~lnh/Jahrgang/?lan=en
I know many friends who treat me good and always are friendly to me. Thank you guys~
I know many friends who treat me good and always are friendly to me. Thank you guys~
2008年6月12日 星期四
Playing basketball
After seeing a basketball in Michael's flat, I knew that he plays basketball, too. Michael is not only Paul's classmate but also our director in orientation week of GBP.
It's very far from my flat, and I made my mind to walk there. Totally it took me 45 minutes and I almost got lost. Luckily I asked some guys who are chatting on the roadside, and one of them was going home and would like to show me the way to the basketball court.
It's Uni Graz, where I had come last week for AISEC introduction. I havn't play normal basketball for more than 4 months. At the beginning, it was really like a warn-up for me at the beginning. Then the situation was getting better.
The funny thing is that Austrians play basketball in order. They gave each of us the color ribbons to wear so that we can know our teammates easily. When we were playing, somebody will record the time and say stop when it was time to change the rival team. Totally we have four teams, and four colors. Beside, there are 4 people in a team, so we need to tell the fourth person who he or she should take when we want to change and take a break.
I think my performance was above average, but not the best. However, Michael thought I am professional. I am flattered! ha.
It's very far from my flat, and I made my mind to walk there. Totally it took me 45 minutes and I almost got lost. Luckily I asked some guys who are chatting on the roadside, and one of them was going home and would like to show me the way to the basketball court.
It's Uni Graz, where I had come last week for AISEC introduction. I havn't play normal basketball for more than 4 months. At the beginning, it was really like a warn-up for me at the beginning. Then the situation was getting better.
The funny thing is that Austrians play basketball in order. They gave each of us the color ribbons to wear so that we can know our teammates easily. When we were playing, somebody will record the time and say stop when it was time to change the rival team. Totally we have four teams, and four colors. Beside, there are 4 people in a team, so we need to tell the fourth person who he or she should take when we want to change and take a break.
I think my performance was above average, but not the best. However, Michael thought I am professional. I am flattered! ha.
2008年6月7日 星期六
2008年6月6日 星期五
Happy Birthday to my dear sister!
Happy birthday^^06/07 is her birthday, and it already has been 06/07 in Taiwan, my hometown. I am always with you!
Cost Record--05/31~06/06
05/31
puntiganma x2 = 1.58
joya shake x1 = 0.42
jogurt x1 = 0.37
lamb x1 = 2.68
-------------------------
total 5.05
06/01
nothing
06/02
bus ticket x1 = 6
salat x1 = 0.59
buttertoast x1 = 0.34
joghurt x1 = 0.49
frankfurter x8 = 1.99
salat x2 = 1.39
fish x2 = 1.58
whatever x1 = 0.34
-------------------------
total 12.71
06/03
nothing
06/04
instant noodle x1 = 0.49
fish salat x1 = 0.95
--------------------------
total 1.43
06/05
milk x1 = 0.79
meat x1 = 0.99
kebap x1 = 1.5
------------------
total 3.28
06/06
meat x1 = 1.49
milka x7 = 4.13
------------------
total 5.62
puntiganma x2 = 1.58
joya shake x1 = 0.42
jogurt x1 = 0.37
lamb x1 = 2.68
-------------------------
total 5.05
06/01
nothing
06/02
bus ticket x1 = 6
salat x1 = 0.59
buttertoast x1 = 0.34
joghurt x1 = 0.49
frankfurter x8 = 1.99
salat x2 = 1.39
fish x2 = 1.58
whatever x1 = 0.34
-------------------------
total 12.71
06/03
nothing
06/04
instant noodle x1 = 0.49
fish salat x1 = 0.95
--------------------------
total 1.43
06/05
milk x1 = 0.79
meat x1 = 0.99
kebap x1 = 1.5
------------------
total 3.28
06/06
meat x1 = 1.49
milka x7 = 4.13
------------------
total 5.62
Chinese Spelling System
Taiwan:
ㄅㄉㄍㄐㄓㄗㄧㄚㄞㄢㄦ
ㄆㄊㄎㄑㄔㄘㄨㄛㄟㄣ
ㄇㄋㄏㄒㄕㄙㄩㄜㄠㄤ
ㄈㄌ----ㄖ------ㄝㄡㄥ
China:
b d g j zh z i--a ai an er
p t k q ch c u o ei en
mnh x sh s ü e ao ang
f--l------r------e ou eng
ex1: 師= ㄕ= shi-
ex2: 的=ㄉㄜ˙= de
ex3: 學=ㄒㄩㄝˊ= xueˊ
ㄅㄉㄍㄐㄓㄗㄧㄚㄞㄢㄦ
ㄆㄊㄎㄑㄔㄘㄨㄛㄟㄣ
ㄇㄋㄏㄒㄕㄙㄩㄜㄠㄤ
ㄈㄌ----ㄖ------ㄝㄡㄥ
China:
b d g j zh z i--a ai an er
p t k q ch c u o ei en
mnh x sh s ü e ao ang
f--l------r------e ou eng
ex1: 師= ㄕ= shi-
ex2: 的=ㄉㄜ˙= de
ex3: 學=ㄒㄩㄝˊ= xueˊ
2008年5月31日 星期六
Blue is not always the blue
Lying on the bed by the window, I can see directly the sky. It's so incrediblly blue that I can't forget for a long time. The blue sky makes me not have the blue feeling. How happy a kife it can be if I also have my own room and flat, enjoying the sky.
Even though it's maybe not a blue sky in Taiwan.^^
Even though it's maybe not a blue sky in Taiwan.^^
2008年5月30日 星期五
Cost Record--05/21~05/30
05/21
nothing
05/22
nothing
05/23
chips x1 = 1.19
milk x1 = 0.99
vegetables x1 = 0.69
fried rice x1 = 2.19
egg x10 = 1.25
------------------------
total 6.11
05/24
pork x1 = 1.99
buttertoast x1 = 0.49
spaghetteria x2 = 2.38
------------------------
total 4.86
05/25
nothing
05/26
paprika x3 = 0.99
gurken x1 = 0.29
fish x1 = 1.14
milk x1 = 0.79
watermelon x1 = 0.61
-----------------------
total 3.82
05/27
fried rice x1 = 2.19
----------------------
total 2.19
05/28
nothing
05/29
nothing
05/30
milk x1 = 0.54
-----------------
total 2.19
nothing
05/22
nothing
05/23
chips x1 = 1.19
milk x1 = 0.99
vegetables x1 = 0.69
fried rice x1 = 2.19
egg x10 = 1.25
------------------------
total 6.11
05/24
pork x1 = 1.99
buttertoast x1 = 0.49
spaghetteria x2 = 2.38
------------------------
total 4.86
05/25
nothing
05/26
paprika x3 = 0.99
gurken x1 = 0.29
fish x1 = 1.14
milk x1 = 0.79
watermelon x1 = 0.61
-----------------------
total 3.82
05/27
fried rice x1 = 2.19
----------------------
total 2.19
05/28
nothing
05/29
nothing
05/30
milk x1 = 0.54
-----------------
total 2.19
Birkan let's refresh together!
Thank you! My Turkish flatmate just bougt me a ice stick. He said: refresh! It' so sweet of he in such a hot afternoon. ^^
2008年5月26日 星期一
50% off in Merkur
I always went to Merkur, the supermarket near my flat, recently. The reason is that I found that sometimes it provide the fresh meat or fish at 50% off, even though they were going to expire after today or tomorrow. So, when I had time, I liked to go there to check them out. It's very happy to eat fish at the similiar price to Taiwan.
2008年5月24日 星期六
Paul Leitner
This is the gift for us three, Paul, min, and me. We were in a group in a course in Taiwan, and then we became good friends with each other. Don't forget to visit my house 5 years later, and I will prepare a very comfortable couch for you, Paul Leitner!
2008年5月21日 星期三
The GBP courses
1. International Consumer Behavior
2. Asian Business and Management: China
3. Asian Business and Management: S-Asia & India
4. International Marketing and Market Entry
5. Managing the Multinational Enterprise
6. International Strategic Management
7. International Business Law
8. Global Human Resource Mgmt & Leadership
9. International Financial Management
Which courses do I take? I only take 9 courses.^^
2. Asian Business and Management: China
3. Asian Business and Management: S-Asia & India
4. International Marketing and Market Entry
5. Managing the Multinational Enterprise
6. International Strategic Management
7. International Business Law
8. Global Human Resource Mgmt & Leadership
9. International Financial Management
Which courses do I take? I only take 9 courses.^^
Talk Back
How to improve my Egnlish listening ability? The American professor Kujawa suggested me to talk back to the English videos or programs. It's a kind of skill, and it takes time to become better. He asked me if I come from China, and I said I am from Taiwan. He talked about Stanly Shie, the CEO of Acer. He had a dinner with his wife, and she spoke good English. So, he tought maybe I should work in Acer where I can utilize English. Ha, we will see.....
2008年5月20日 星期二
Cost Record--05/14~05/20
05/14
nothing
05/15
nothing
05/16
milk x1 = 0.79
mushroom x1 = 0.79
vegetable x1 = 0.49
grapes x1 = 1.06
-----------------------
total 3.13
05/17
milka chocalate x6 = 3.54
fish x1 = 1.40
---------------------------
total 4.94
05/18
nothing
05/19
chicken x1 = 3.79
brkkoli x1 = 0.69
-------------------
total 4.48
05/20
strawberry x1 = 0.79
cherry tomato x1 = 0.69
mozzar baguette x1 = 1.09
milk x1 = 0.79
rice x1 = 0.79
cherry x1 = 1.13
---------------------------
total 5.28
nothing
05/15
nothing
05/16
milk x1 = 0.79
mushroom x1 = 0.79
vegetable x1 = 0.49
grapes x1 = 1.06
-----------------------
total 3.13
05/17
milka chocalate x6 = 3.54
fish x1 = 1.40
---------------------------
total 4.94
05/18
nothing
05/19
chicken x1 = 3.79
brkkoli x1 = 0.69
-------------------
total 4.48
05/20
strawberry x1 = 0.79
cherry tomato x1 = 0.69
mozzar baguette x1 = 1.09
milk x1 = 0.79
rice x1 = 0.79
cherry x1 = 1.13
---------------------------
total 5.28
Because you are a foreigner
I just bought some cherries from the super market MERKUR. I saw the cherries are free for tasting, so I go there and asked the waitress if I can have one. After eating that, I thought it is really of good quality and the price is also ok, so I requested her to serve for me at around 100 g. She had around 1.5, asking me: is it ok? I agreed, and she gave me more from the other hand.
"Because you are a foreigner, so I give you so much!"
Thank you^^
"Because you are a foreigner, so I give you so much!"
Thank you^^
2008年5月17日 星期六
2008年5月15日 星期四
Back to Black
This is the song I hearded yesterday night on TV. I like the melody and her unique singing style!
終結孤單
We had a crazy party in our flat tonight suddenly. They decided to drink alcohol, and I was forced to have three glasses of alcohol totally even though I don't really like the taste. It's one og our flat's birthday day today so I have no excuse to avoid the invitation. There were no music programs on TV but only porn commercials, so they asked me to sing a Chinese songs. I chose this one, and they liked it so much.
Let's stop loniness!
2008年5月14日 星期三
Cost Record----05/06~05/13
05/06
milk x1 = 0.79
vegetable x1 = 0.59
fish x1 = 1.79
------------------------
total 3.17
05/07
moazrt chocalate x2 = 3.78
knorr x2 = 1.58
my hair shampoo x1 = 0.99
spafhetteria x2 = 1.29
neapolitaner x2 = 1.79
--------------------------------
total 12.51
05/08
nothing
05/09
food and others x5 = 40
----------------
total 40
05/10
munich transportation x5 = 30
---------------------------------
total 30
05/11
house rent x4 = 13.6
-----------------------
total 13.6
05/12
train ticket (salzburg to leoben round way) x1 = 33.5
----------------------------------------------
total 33
05/13
milk x1 = 0.79
toast x1 = 0.49
chicken wing x10 = 1.50
fish x1 = 1.54
bread x1 = 1.99
-----------------------------
total 6.30
milk x1 = 0.79
vegetable x1 = 0.59
fish x1 = 1.79
------------------------
total 3.17
05/07
moazrt chocalate x2 = 3.78
knorr x2 = 1.58
my hair shampoo x1 = 0.99
spafhetteria x2 = 1.29
neapolitaner x2 = 1.79
--------------------------------
total 12.51
05/08
nothing
05/09
food and others x5 = 40
----------------
total 40
05/10
munich transportation x5 = 30
---------------------------------
total 30
05/11
house rent x4 = 13.6
-----------------------
total 13.6
05/12
train ticket (salzburg to leoben round way) x1 = 33.5
----------------------------------------------
total 33
05/13
milk x1 = 0.79
toast x1 = 0.49
chicken wing x10 = 1.50
fish x1 = 1.54
bread x1 = 1.99
-----------------------------
total 6.30
Deutsch Museum
I went to Munich last Friday with Vivian, Ruby and Kanako, and we spent five wonderful days there. The most memorable thing is that I went to toilet in the toilet in Deutsch Museum. I did leave something in the great place and city.
It sounds stupid, I know. But after hearing my story, Ruby started to recall where she did the same thing in Italy, and Vivian also regreted that she should have done that. We are really strange people who talk about stange topics^^
It sounds stupid, I know. But after hearing my story, Ruby started to recall where she did the same thing in Italy, and Vivian also regreted that she should have done that. We are really strange people who talk about stange topics^^
More and More Beautiful
Several weeks ago, I talked with an Austrain girl in the exhibition in school. I introduced to her the culture of red envelope and what we usually write on it. I asked her to make a wish and I wll write it for her in Chinese. After a while, she can't think of any good idea, so I started to give some suggestion words such as "more and more beautiful."
However, she and paul suddenly shocked by my words. I couldn't figure it out and seemed very confused. Paul told me that I am saying that she is ugly when I want to wish her that she can become more and more beautiful. The girl also agreed that, but she thought it's ok.
越來越漂亮， it's a good wish in Chinese, in my opinion. Maybe I should say it in Chinese instead of English next time^^
However, she and paul suddenly shocked by my words. I couldn't figure it out and seemed very confused. Paul told me that I am saying that she is ugly when I want to wish her that she can become more and more beautiful. The girl also agreed that, but she thought it's ok.
越來越漂亮， it's a good wish in Chinese, in my opinion. Maybe I should say it in Chinese instead of English next time^^
2008年5月6日 星期二
A proud day
Indian professor : Which country producing cheap chips in the world?
Other students : China……and so on.
Me : (TAIWAN)
Indian professor : Taiwan! Over 65% to 70% of production is from Taiwan. Nobody can beat Taiwan because of the low cost.
Me: (YES!!)
So proud to hear that the teacher thinks Taiwan is a country, just in front of all the class in EUROPE. And we are really doing well in chips in the world. So, be confident of Taiwanese!
Other students : China……and so on.
Me : (TAIWAN)
Indian professor : Taiwan! Over 65% to 70% of production is from Taiwan. Nobody can beat Taiwan because of the low cost.
Me: (YES!!)
So proud to hear that the teacher thinks Taiwan is a country, just in front of all the class in EUROPE. And we are really doing well in chips in the world. So, be confident of Taiwanese!
Indian F4
We have Indian business and management course this week, which makes me recall the video several weeks ago I show 2 Indian classmates and others in the class during the break. It's so funny that everyone is laughing. They tell me Indian F4 "is" very famous in India and, in fact, F4 is only 1 person. OMG.....^^
Two dates of eggs
It confused me for a long time that why are there 2 dates on the box of eggs. I knew the reason today from Kanako. One is the deadline for the shop to sell out. The other one is for the buyer to finish eating. It's good because nobody can eat all of them in a single day if he or she just bought it at the last day of duration.
Cost Record--04/29~05/05
04/29
tomato x1 = 0.99
vegetable x1 = 0.69
young onion x1 = 0.59
beef x1 =2.99
----------------------------
total 5.26
04/30
train ticket (graz to kapfenberg) x1 = 5.2
-------------------------------------------
total 5.2
05/01
train ticket kapfenberg to bruck) x1 = 1
train ticket (kapfenberg to peggau) x1 = 3.4
---------------------------------------------
total 4.4
05/02
paprika x1 = 0.69
ingwer x1 = 0.79
milk x1 = 0.79
shower gel x1 = 0.99
-----------------------
total 3.26
05/03
toast x1 = 0.49
nutella x1 = 1.79
cookies x1 = 1.39
mushroom x1 = 0.79
paprika x3 = 1.39
----------------------
total 5.85
05/04
nothing
05/05
egg x10 = 1.59
-----------------
total 1.59
tomato x1 = 0.99
vegetable x1 = 0.69
young onion x1 = 0.59
beef x1 =2.99
----------------------------
total 5.26
04/30
train ticket (graz to kapfenberg) x1 = 5.2
-------------------------------------------
total 5.2
05/01
train ticket kapfenberg to bruck) x1 = 1
train ticket (kapfenberg to peggau) x1 = 3.4
---------------------------------------------
total 4.4
05/02
paprika x1 = 0.69
ingwer x1 = 0.79
milk x1 = 0.79
shower gel x1 = 0.99
-----------------------
total 3.26
05/03
toast x1 = 0.49
nutella x1 = 1.79
cookies x1 = 1.39
mushroom x1 = 0.79
paprika x3 = 1.39
----------------------
total 5.85
05/04
nothing
05/05
egg x10 = 1.59
-----------------
total 1.59
2008年4月29日 星期二
White Board Wiper
I am a good white board wiper because the professor Azevedo asked me to wipe the whiite board in our classroom after I did a good job in white board cleaning. But maybe she doesn't know that I am just lucky to clean the white board efficiently and effective for I got a tissue for temporary markers, not permanent ones.
some classmates called me "hero," and some even took a picture of my back when I was wiping the white board with the good and fast skill. Am I another Bruce Lee to them:>
some classmates called me "hero," and some even took a picture of my back when I was wiping the white board with the good and fast skill. Am I another Bruce Lee to them:>
2008年4月28日 星期一
Cost Record----04/21~04/28
04/21
vegetable x1 = 0.59
toast x1 = 0.49
milk x1 = 0.85
pork x1 = 3.39
---------------------
total 5.32
04/22
nothing
04/23
knodel x3 = 1.99
rice x1 = 1.19
milk x1 = 0.85
04/24
carbonara x2 =1.58
spaghetti x1 =1.19
juice x1 = 0.99
orange jam x1 = 0.79
chocalate jam x1 = 1.19
toast x1 = 0.49
banana x6 = 0.77
-----------------------
total 7.0
04/25
kebap x1 = 1.5
---------------
total 1.5
04/26
Budapest x1 = 20
-------------------
total 20
04/27
Budapest x1 = 8
------------------
total 8
04/28
milk x1 = 0.89
suger x1 = 2.19
frankfurter x8 = 1.99
toast x1 = 0.49
ham x1 = 1.99
pig leg x1 = 0.27
---------------------------
total 7.82
vegetable x1 = 0.59
toast x1 = 0.49
milk x1 = 0.85
pork x1 = 3.39
---------------------
total 5.32
04/22
nothing
04/23
knodel x3 = 1.99
rice x1 = 1.19
milk x1 = 0.85
04/24
carbonara x2 =1.58
spaghetti x1 =1.19
juice x1 = 0.99
orange jam x1 = 0.79
chocalate jam x1 = 1.19
toast x1 = 0.49
banana x6 = 0.77
-----------------------
total 7.0
04/25
kebap x1 = 1.5
---------------
total 1.5
04/26
Budapest x1 = 20
-------------------
total 20
04/27
Budapest x1 = 8
------------------
total 8
04/28
milk x1 = 0.89
suger x1 = 2.19
frankfurter x8 = 1.99
toast x1 = 0.49
ham x1 = 1.99
pig leg x1 = 0.27
---------------------------
total 7.82
Study abroad fair and personal feelings
This Tuesday there was a study abroad fair at FH-JOANNEUM in Graz. The purpose of this fair is to introduce the countries and universities which have contracts with FH to their students. So most guests were Austrians, others are the students who were responsible for their own countries and universities.
Paul and me stood (or sometimes squatted) behind the table on which there were brochures about NKFUST and Taiwan, Chinese chess, red envelopes, taiwanese 1 dollar coins, namecards of ours, and my laptop as well.
I think we really did a good job to promote Taiwan and Chinese culture, but maybe not NKFUST. I am sorry that only very few people asked us the information aobut how to study in our university. But when it came to red envelopes, almost everyone was crazy. Paul introduced the origin and story about red envelopes to "foreigners". I asked their names first, then translating them into Chinese. Besides, putting 1 NT dollar into it and making a wish on it were also interesting to them.
Totally, I wrote more than 30 red envelopes in the short 2 hours. Even though feeling tired, I was very glad and proud that we still have many friends in the world as long as we try hard. One Mexican girl came to me and asked, "Is Taiwan part of China?" "No, we are an indepent country!"... "Ok, Mexico is with you^^" Even though so many countries in the world don't admit, we believe we are, and it's enough.
Maybe we don't talk about political issues when I chat with my Chinese classmates who are also good persons. However, I want to feel confident, and I should, too.
Different cultures form different living styles and beliefs, so it's inevitable to have conficts with each other. But, always remember to feel sympathy and make sure that we really have the same feeling with others instead of still being superior when giving our sympathy. So we know who we are human beings.
If nobody can give us power, we have to acquire it by ourselves through improving how good we are. Are you ready?
Paul and me stood (or sometimes squatted) behind the table on which there were brochures about NKFUST and Taiwan, Chinese chess, red envelopes, taiwanese 1 dollar coins, namecards of ours, and my laptop as well.
I think we really did a good job to promote Taiwan and Chinese culture, but maybe not NKFUST. I am sorry that only very few people asked us the information aobut how to study in our university. But when it came to red envelopes, almost everyone was crazy. Paul introduced the origin and story about red envelopes to "foreigners". I asked their names first, then translating them into Chinese. Besides, putting 1 NT dollar into it and making a wish on it were also interesting to them.
Totally, I wrote more than 30 red envelopes in the short 2 hours. Even though feeling tired, I was very glad and proud that we still have many friends in the world as long as we try hard. One Mexican girl came to me and asked, "Is Taiwan part of China?" "No, we are an indepent country!"... "Ok, Mexico is with you^^" Even though so many countries in the world don't admit, we believe we are, and it's enough.
Maybe we don't talk about political issues when I chat with my Chinese classmates who are also good persons. However, I want to feel confident, and I should, too.
Different cultures form different living styles and beliefs, so it's inevitable to have conficts with each other. But, always remember to feel sympathy and make sure that we really have the same feeling with others instead of still being superior when giving our sympathy. So we know who we are human beings.
If nobody can give us power, we have to acquire it by ourselves through improving how good we are. Are you ready?
2008年4月25日 星期五
Good presentation
I finished a mission impossible this morning to give a presentation about ACER's strategy for whole class. I didn't think I can complete it by myself, but I really did it.
First, I want to say thank you to my group members, who are four Chinese girls and one Taiwanese girl, for they give me the opportunity to practice. Second, it's a Korean girl who gave me advice not to read my paer but just to say whatever I remember and to read only when necessary. Third, the Professor undoubtedly made me feel confident to continue my presentation by saying yes and nodding when I am in front of everybody. Fourth, After the presentation, my claamates gave me a big hand and one American guy and sweden guy told me "good presentation!", which encourage me again. Fifth, a Japanese girl called Kanako suggested me to have different tones and paces next time, which may be the key factors in addion to the contents to the presentation.
I like to see your smiling face, as I know I can do better next time with your support. Thank you!
First, I want to say thank you to my group members, who are four Chinese girls and one Taiwanese girl, for they give me the opportunity to practice. Second, it's a Korean girl who gave me advice not to read my paer but just to say whatever I remember and to read only when necessary. Third, the Professor undoubtedly made me feel confident to continue my presentation by saying yes and nodding when I am in front of everybody. Fourth, After the presentation, my claamates gave me a big hand and one American guy and sweden guy told me "good presentation!", which encourage me again. Fifth, a Japanese girl called Kanako suggested me to have different tones and paces next time, which may be the key factors in addion to the contents to the presentation.
I like to see your smiling face, as I know I can do better next time with your support. Thank you!
2008年4月23日 星期三
What's the difference
In the supermarket, I asked a female worker who was passing by me when I was standing in front of the rice product. I asked, what's the difference between this two? She tought for a while, seeming to search the fittest English words to explain to me.
"This one is better!", she pointed one of them and said no reason. In fact, I wanted to know the difference because they are the same brand with different flavors.
I listened to her.
"This one is better!", she pointed one of them and said no reason. In fact, I wanted to know the difference because they are the same brand with different flavors.
I listened to her.
2008年4月20日 星期日
Cost Record----04/14~04/20
04/14
frankfurt x1 = 1.99
vegetable x1 = 0.59
fish can x1 = 0.69
------------------------
total 3.27
04/15
cucumber x1 = 0.69
radish x1 = 0.89
fried fish x1 = 1.49
banana x1 = 0.91
vegetable x1 = 0.59
milk x1 = 0.85
--------------------
total 5.42
04/16
chicken burger x2 = 1.59
vegetable x1 = 0.69
tomato x6 = 1.49
---------------------------
total 3.77
04/17
cheese burger x2 = 1.59
tunafish can x1 = 0.85
banana x5 = 0.60
-------------------------
total 3.04
04/18
flat fund x1 = 10
------------------
total 10
04/19
nothing
04/20
nothing
frankfurt x1 = 1.99
vegetable x1 = 0.59
fish can x1 = 0.69
------------------------
total 3.27
04/15
cucumber x1 = 0.69
radish x1 = 0.89
fried fish x1 = 1.49
banana x1 = 0.91
vegetable x1 = 0.59
milk x1 = 0.85
--------------------
total 5.42
04/16
chicken burger x2 = 1.59
vegetable x1 = 0.69
tomato x6 = 1.49
---------------------------
total 3.77
04/17
cheese burger x2 = 1.59
tunafish can x1 = 0.85
banana x5 = 0.60
-------------------------
total 3.04
04/18
flat fund x1 = 10
------------------
total 10
04/19
nothing
04/20
nothing
2008年4月17日 星期四
Free Hugs in Graz
I wanna go^^
FREE HUGS CAMPAIGN
I happen to be in Graz this weekend, and I really like
doing Free Hugs in places I don't know - who wants to
join me for some huggin' ?
If you don't knwo what it is:
http://www.freehugscampaign.org/ and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Hugs_Campaign plus
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BE1YqDYlLo
Looking forward to meeting some local huggers -
everybody is welcome - oh, and don't forget your
sign!
See you there @ the Marktplatz, 2 PM, this Saturday
Florentin
MEETING DETAILS:
FROM: 19. April 2008 - 14:00 to ???
LINK:
http://www.couchsurfing.com/meetings.html?mid=10244
LOCATION: Austria - Styria - Graz
ADDRESS: we'll start at the Hauptplatz @ the
Erzherzog-Johann-Denkmal
2008年4月16日 星期三
Way Back Into Love
The online radio program in Taiwan just played this sweat song. I hearded it and felt warm.
Move to Autria
Not me, but my father. He likes to smoke very much, and actually he is addicted to the cigarette a lot. Every time he smokes in the house, I always ask him go outside because we need a room with fresh air. I also tell my father that we should respect others, so he shouldn't smoke when somebody else feels uncomfortable because of the smoke. Actually the most important reason is foy his health. But, he doesn't want to listen to me, so I have to make a teaching course to him^^
Father, I am so sorry. You should move to Austria, because almost everyone smokes, including males and females. Besides, they are allowed to smoke inside the room. Maybe we can try to make our house an Austrian style^^
Father, I am so sorry. You should move to Austria, because almost everyone smokes, including males and females. Besides, they are allowed to smoke inside the room. Maybe we can try to make our house an Austrian style^^
Beginner
When we say "Beginner" in Chinese, that means you are not so good sometimes. But, here it is totally different. People use this word just as a normal word without special intention. For example, are you a beginner in Chinese? Don't feel embarrassed or angry next time when you hear that because it's just only merely "beginner"^^
2008年4月14日 星期一
2008年4月13日 星期日
Cost Record----04/08~04/13
04/08
spagjetti x1 = 0.59
vegetable x1 = 0.69
egg x1 = 1.59
----------------------
total 2.87
04/09
nothing
04/10
train ticket (graz to budapest) x2 = 38
milk x1 = 1.19
04/11
train ticket (graz to vienna) x1 = 15.7
schegen visa x1 = 120 (60x2 ><" )
instant noodle x1 = 0.49
cookies x1 = 0.59
------------------------------
total 136.78
04/12
transportation fee x2 = 6.8
hamburger x0.5 = 0.5
juice x1 = 1.1
seeweed x1 = 4.9
dinner x1 = 4
----------------------------
total 17.3
04/13
train ticket (vienna to graz) x1 = 15.7
hamburger x1 = 1.1
----------------------------------------
total 16.8
spagjetti x1 = 0.59
vegetable x1 = 0.69
egg x1 = 1.59
----------------------
total 2.87
04/09
nothing
04/10
train ticket (graz to budapest) x2 = 38
milk x1 = 1.19
04/11
train ticket (graz to vienna) x1 = 15.7
schegen visa x1 = 120 (60x2 ><" )
instant noodle x1 = 0.49
cookies x1 = 0.59
------------------------------
total 136.78
04/12
transportation fee x2 = 6.8
hamburger x0.5 = 0.5
juice x1 = 1.1
seeweed x1 = 4.9
dinner x1 = 4
----------------------------
total 17.3
04/13
train ticket (vienna to graz) x1 = 15.7
hamburger x1 = 1.1
----------------------------------------
total 16.8
2008年4月9日 星期三
18 years old
My russian female flatmate just said that, she thinks I am only 18 years old, but how can I be 24 yeats old. It's unbelievable. And she sent me one Russian typical present before. So, maybe I am a little boy to her. Anyway, thank you~
2008年4月8日 星期二
Cost Record----04/01~04/07
04/01
nothing
04/02
kebap x1 = 1.5
-----------------
total 1.5
04/03
nothing
04/04
chinese restaurant x1 = 4.8
-----------------------------
total 4,8
04/05
orange juice x1 = 2
04/06
bus ticket x1 = 5.5
--------------------
total 5.5
04/07
bread x1 = 0.99
french fries x1 = 1.09
--------------------------
total 2.08
nothing
04/02
kebap x1 = 1.5
-----------------
total 1.5
04/03
nothing
04/04
chinese restaurant x1 = 4.8
-----------------------------
total 4,8
04/05
orange juice x1 = 2
04/06
bus ticket x1 = 5.5
--------------------
total 5.5
04/07
bread x1 = 0.99
french fries x1 = 1.09
--------------------------
total 2.08
2008年4月7日 星期一
SHE and HE
In oral chinese, there is no difference between She and he. So, I always confuse that which word should I use when I speak English, and I always choose the wrong one!
Besides, as to Chinese people or Taiwanese people, we can just say she or he if we talk about our parents or elder people. We think it's impolite. We have to start with "my mother or my father....," or maybe "my mother she or my father he....." Also, it's not appropriate to call our parents' names. We have much difference from Austrian culture.
Respect is very important in our culture, at least in my family and in my mind^^
Besides, as to Chinese people or Taiwanese people, we can just say she or he if we talk about our parents or elder people. We think it's impolite. We have to start with "my mother or my father....," or maybe "my mother she or my father he....." Also, it's not appropriate to call our parents' names. We have much difference from Austrian culture.
Respect is very important in our culture, at least in my family and in my mind^^
2008年4月3日 星期四
Respect others, and you get respect from others.
I made pickles four days ago, and I wanted to cook fried rice today tith the pickles. When I took it to the kitchen, two of my flatmates were kind of sick. They didn't like it very well, especiall the special smell and the four days. They thought there must be bacteria inside, and it already went sour. Besides, they never eat the food if it is the second day after first-time cooking.
I know it's better to eat something fresh, but I also know that many Asian people eat this kind of food, pickles. In addition, I see many Europeans here who eat "frozen" fish, vegetable, and meat, which are also regarded as "UNHEALTHY FOODS" in Taiwan, or maybe in other countries in north-east Asia.
I would say it is because of the different eating and cooking cultures.
In chinese there is an old saying that, if you don't know very much about one thing, you had better keep silent and just listen. Of course, you can have your own opinion, but don't show the unforcomtable feeling of disliking. It's the basic principle of politeness to express not to hurt other people to their faces.
I tell myself that I never look down upon others, becuse I am not always the best? And, how can I prove to others that I am the best? I can only convince myself, and become better.
This is the way how I live.
I know it's better to eat something fresh, but I also know that many Asian people eat this kind of food, pickles. In addition, I see many Europeans here who eat "frozen" fish, vegetable, and meat, which are also regarded as "UNHEALTHY FOODS" in Taiwan, or maybe in other countries in north-east Asia.
I would say it is because of the different eating and cooking cultures.
In chinese there is an old saying that, if you don't know very much about one thing, you had better keep silent and just listen. Of course, you can have your own opinion, but don't show the unforcomtable feeling of disliking. It's the basic principle of politeness to express not to hurt other people to their faces.
I tell myself that I never look down upon others, becuse I am not always the best? And, how can I prove to others that I am the best? I can only convince myself, and become better.
This is the way how I live.
2008年4月1日 星期二
Cost Record----03/27~03/31
03/27
nothing
03/28
assam tea package (50 packages inside) x1 = 0.89
cola x1 = 0.59
pork x1 = 2.29
netella x1 = 1.49
onion x1 = 0.59
vegetables x1 = 0.29
milk x1 = 0.89
---------------------------------------------------------
total 7.03
03/29
hot pot x1 = 2
------------------
total 2
03/30
nothing
03/31
copy x66 = 1.98
kebap x1 = 1.5
bananen x6 = 0.77
spashetti x1 = 0.59
gralic x3 = 0.99
milk x1 = 0.85
cucumber x1 = 0.59
radish x1 = 0.99
raisin x1 = 1.19
noodles x1 = 1.59
instant noodles x1 = 0.5
vinegar x1 = 0.59
noodles x1 = 1.3
chili x1 = 1.5
---------------------------
total 13.34
nothing
03/28
assam tea package (50 packages inside) x1 = 0.89
cola x1 = 0.59
pork x1 = 2.29
netella x1 = 1.49
onion x1 = 0.59
vegetables x1 = 0.29
milk x1 = 0.89
---------------------------------------------------------
total 7.03
03/29
hot pot x1 = 2
------------------
total 2
03/30
nothing
03/31
copy x66 = 1.98
kebap x1 = 1.5
bananen x6 = 0.77
spashetti x1 = 0.59
gralic x3 = 0.99
milk x1 = 0.85
cucumber x1 = 0.59
radish x1 = 0.99
raisin x1 = 1.19
noodles x1 = 1.59
instant noodles x1 = 0.5
vinegar x1 = 0.59
noodles x1 = 1.3
chili x1 = 1.5
---------------------------
total 13.34
2008年3月31日 星期一
Killer in Chinese
昨天十多個同學，有台灣2、新加坡5、日本2、中國2、瑞典1、奧地利1、荷蘭1、法國1、美國1聚在一起吃麻辣和藥膳湯底的燙肉和燙菜，還有白飯和米粉，超熱鬧!
後來玩殺手，還玩英文版的，一開始說故事的人真生動，大家也都很投入。我因為英文聽力有問題，所以常常沒聽清楚就趴下去閉眼睛，大家都傻眼了，哈哈~~
他們稱 mafia，黑手黨的意思。其實真的可以很好玩，大家一定要多多嘗試新規則的變化，我們是玩法官(說故事者)、警察、醫生。
Don't kill me, please....
殺手遊戲
[編輯首段]維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
殺手遊戲又稱殺人遊戲、殺手（Killer）、黑手黨（Mafia），是一種多人遊戲，一般由8到20人組成。殺手遊戲擁有多種角色，規則也有多種模式。
目錄[隱藏]
1 歷史起源
2 基本模式
3 改進模式
3.1 好人方面
3.2 壞人方面
3.3 動態角色
4 遊戲操作
4.1 日出（初始化）階段
4.2 白天階段
4.3 黑夜階段
5 遊戲的設置問題
5.1 遊戲人數
6 其他規則變化
//
[編輯] 歷史起源
殺手遊戲是1986年春天由莫斯科大學心理系的Dimma Davidoff所發明的，開始的玩家在莫斯科大學的教室、寢室等處玩此遊戲。在20世紀90年代，該遊戲開始在蘇聯其他學校流行起來，並跨過國界，傳播到了歐洲（匈牙利、波蘭、英國、挪威等），隨後傳到了美國，如今該遊戲已經遍及世界各地。它被認為是1800年以來五十種最具歷史和文化意義的遊戲之一。[1] 1997年，Andrew Plotkin 改進了該遊戲的規則。[2]
該遊戲傳入中國的具體時間，尚不十分確定。在台灣最晚在1990年代後期已開始流行。
[編輯] 基本模式
玩家中有若干人分別扮演殺手（壞人）和平民（好人），一般要求平民數量至少在殺手數量的兩倍以上。在遊戲的開始平民並不知道任何信息，而殺手相互認識。另有一名法官主持整個遊戲。遊戲在「黑夜」和「白天」交替進行。白天所有玩家進行討論，挖掘出可能的殺手候選，通過投票表決來進行「輿論處決」一人。夜晚由殺手暗殺一人。所有死去玩家都需要亮明身份。如果殺手數量超過平民，則殺手獲勝。如果殺手全部都在白天被處決，則平民獲勝。
[編輯] 改進模式
經過多年的發展，該遊戲增加了很多新的角色和規則以增加其娛樂性和複雜性，並更真實的模擬社會生活。在平民和殺手以外又增加了以下角色：
[編輯] 好人方面
警察或偵探：該角色可以在每次天黑之後向法官詢問一人的身份，由此不斷積累信息用於引導平民找到殺手。或他一開始就知道誰是殺手的配偶。
護士或醫生：該角色可以在每次天黑壞人殺人之後選擇一人搶救，如果正好選中了被殺者則此人可以復活。在另外一種規則中，護士通過打「預防針」來救人。黑夜的時候，在殺手暗殺之前，護士可以選擇給某個角色打「預防針」，則此角色在當夜不會被暗殺死。但是如果護士在後面的夜裡選擇給同一玩家第二次打預防針，但是該萬家又沒有被暗殺的話，其也會因為藥物副作用死去（即可能在一夜死去兩人）。
妓女或男妓：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以選擇和另外一個玩家「睡覺」，從而得知其身份（可以理解為一次性的警察身份）。
市長或狙擊手：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以不由表決強行「處決」另外一個玩家，並向所有人公佈其身份。
[編輯] 壞人方面
黑幫老大：該角色和普通殺手的唯一區別是：其在被警察或者妓女調查的時候，法官會表示此角色為好人。
殺手的配偶：該角色一開始就知道某個固定的殺手的身份，但是在該殺手死前他（她）屬於壞人，死後會自動變成好人。責任是保護殺手，在日間討論時誤導其他人，使其他人不知道誰是真正的殺手。
[編輯] 動態角色
吸血鬼：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是其如果在黑夜被壞人選中殺害的話，其不會死去，但會自動變成壞人的一員（相當於被殺害前向壞人求饒，加入了壞人），成為「吸血鬼復活」。
聖徒：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是在吸血鬼變成真正的壞人的時候，他也會「復活」變成聖徒，在黑夜無論如何也殺不死。
[編輯] 遊戲操作
以複雜模式為例（包含除了殺手配偶以外的所有角色），下面描述一次遊戲的過程，其中法官（主持人）的話為粗體。
[編輯] 日出（初始化）階段
大家首先以抽籤等方式暗中決定每個人的身份，一般使用撲克。所有人圍成一圈，法官站在中間開始主持遊戲。
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
所有玩家閉上眼睛，盡量保持安靜。
法官說：殺手請睜眼；
殺手玩家互相熟悉一下，黑幫老大應作出姿勢向同伴示意自己的身份。（在某些規則中，此刻殺手們可以指出第一個要殺的人）。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。（注意，如果被指的是黑幫老大，法官應表示其為好人）如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼,請妓女（男妓）睜眼, 選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女（男妓）表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女（男妓）閉眼；
法官說：請護士（醫生）睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士（醫生）通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒也復活，其身份自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士（醫生）沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。
[編輯] 白天階段
所有玩家進行討論，挖掘現象，尋找殺手。可以採用輪流發言的形式；
在白天市長可以在任何時刻表明自己的身份強行殺死一人，之後遊戲繼續進行，不進入黑夜。
如果有超過三名玩家懷疑某玩家為壞人，即可將此人加入表決候選。當沒有更多人提出候選人的時候，開始表決。
如果只有一名候選人，投票分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，如果贊成的人數超過反對的人數，此人即被殺死，應該公開身份。或者，如果時間充分，可以規定有半數以上贊成方可殺死。
如果有超過一名候選人，投票同樣分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，得票數多者被殺死（也可規定要超過半數）激活的聖徒也可以在表決中被殺死。
被表決死的人好人可以留下遺言。之後即退出遊戲。
當一個人被表決死後。法官判斷是否好人數量已經低於壞人，如果是則宣佈遊戲結束，壞人勝利。如果壞人已經全部被殺，則遊戲也結束，宣佈好人勝利。否則，遊戲進入黑夜階段。
[編輯] 黑夜階段
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
法官說：殺手請睜眼，請暗殺一個人；
殺手玩家用姿勢和眼神商量暗殺對象，由法官確認。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼，請指出你要調查的人；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認身份，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼；
如果此時妓女玩家還活著，並還沒有使用她的睡覺機會，法官說：請妓女選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女閉眼；
如果此時護士還活著，法官說：請護士睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒身份的玩家自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，或者殺到的人不是復活的聖徒，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。反之，法官宣佈：這晚沒有人被殺。
遊戲在白天階段繼續。
[編輯] 遊戲的設置問題
[編輯] 遊戲人數
一般要求好人人數(x)在壞人人數(y)的兩倍左右，假設每次白天都表決處理一人，夜晚暗殺一人，這樣好人可以容忍((x-y)/2)-1次表決錯誤。有特殊角色（警察、黑幫老大等等）參與的時候，一般特殊角色各一人。
[編輯] 其他規則變化
黑暗社會模式：在此規則中警察可以在遊戲的一開始就知道所有殺手的身份。好人一方獲得這個好處的代價就是所有表決或者暗殺死亡的人均不透露身份。這種模式下壞人一方可以通過預先設計好的「內鬥」來自相殘殺最後讓某個同伴保持到最後，產生更多的局面變化。
眼神殺手遊戲：這種模式一樣有殺手、平民和警察三種角色，遊戲開始時，不需閉眼，大家必須不斷觀察所有人的眼神，當兩人目光接觸時，殺手可利用挑眉或眨眼的動作來殺死平民，但警察則不會被殺死。平民被殺死後必須自己承認，但不能暗示他人殺手是誰。最後當指定的人數被殺死後，由警察來猜出殺手是誰。
完全保密模式，不設法官，亦沒有白天和黑夜之分，只有玩家自己知道自己的身份，殺手以按身邊玩家的手的次數決定殺誰，被按手的玩家又再按下一人的手，每傳到一個玩家就減一下，已死亡的玩家則不需減少按手次數，直至只剩最後一下時就代表該玩家被殺，被殺者需翻開代表自己身份的撲克牌，任何玩家均可以隨時猜測誰是殺手，全部殺手被處決或死亡時即遊戲結束的時候。這個模式的壞處是當人太多時，傳遞會做成混亂，而且有機會有玩家耍賴，被殺了卻裝成沒事。
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%80%E6%89%8B%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F&variant=zh-tw"
後來玩殺手，還玩英文版的，一開始說故事的人真生動，大家也都很投入。我因為英文聽力有問題，所以常常沒聽清楚就趴下去閉眼睛，大家都傻眼了，哈哈~~
他們稱 mafia，黑手黨的意思。其實真的可以很好玩，大家一定要多多嘗試新規則的變化，我們是玩法官(說故事者)、警察、醫生。
Don't kill me, please....
殺手遊戲
[編輯首段]維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
殺手遊戲又稱殺人遊戲、殺手（Killer）、黑手黨（Mafia），是一種多人遊戲，一般由8到20人組成。殺手遊戲擁有多種角色，規則也有多種模式。
目錄[隱藏]
1 歷史起源
2 基本模式
3 改進模式
3.1 好人方面
3.2 壞人方面
3.3 動態角色
4 遊戲操作
4.1 日出（初始化）階段
4.2 白天階段
4.3 黑夜階段
5 遊戲的設置問題
5.1 遊戲人數
6 其他規則變化
//
[編輯] 歷史起源
殺手遊戲是1986年春天由莫斯科大學心理系的Dimma Davidoff所發明的，開始的玩家在莫斯科大學的教室、寢室等處玩此遊戲。在20世紀90年代，該遊戲開始在蘇聯其他學校流行起來，並跨過國界，傳播到了歐洲（匈牙利、波蘭、英國、挪威等），隨後傳到了美國，如今該遊戲已經遍及世界各地。它被認為是1800年以來五十種最具歷史和文化意義的遊戲之一。[1] 1997年，Andrew Plotkin 改進了該遊戲的規則。[2]
該遊戲傳入中國的具體時間，尚不十分確定。在台灣最晚在1990年代後期已開始流行。
[編輯] 基本模式
玩家中有若干人分別扮演殺手（壞人）和平民（好人），一般要求平民數量至少在殺手數量的兩倍以上。在遊戲的開始平民並不知道任何信息，而殺手相互認識。另有一名法官主持整個遊戲。遊戲在「黑夜」和「白天」交替進行。白天所有玩家進行討論，挖掘出可能的殺手候選，通過投票表決來進行「輿論處決」一人。夜晚由殺手暗殺一人。所有死去玩家都需要亮明身份。如果殺手數量超過平民，則殺手獲勝。如果殺手全部都在白天被處決，則平民獲勝。
[編輯] 改進模式
經過多年的發展，該遊戲增加了很多新的角色和規則以增加其娛樂性和複雜性，並更真實的模擬社會生活。在平民和殺手以外又增加了以下角色：
[編輯] 好人方面
警察或偵探：該角色可以在每次天黑之後向法官詢問一人的身份，由此不斷積累信息用於引導平民找到殺手。或他一開始就知道誰是殺手的配偶。
護士或醫生：該角色可以在每次天黑壞人殺人之後選擇一人搶救，如果正好選中了被殺者則此人可以復活。在另外一種規則中，護士通過打「預防針」來救人。黑夜的時候，在殺手暗殺之前，護士可以選擇給某個角色打「預防針」，則此角色在當夜不會被暗殺死。但是如果護士在後面的夜裡選擇給同一玩家第二次打預防針，但是該萬家又沒有被暗殺的話，其也會因為藥物副作用死去（即可能在一夜死去兩人）。
妓女或男妓：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以選擇和另外一個玩家「睡覺」，從而得知其身份（可以理解為一次性的警察身份）。
市長或狙擊手：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以不由表決強行「處決」另外一個玩家，並向所有人公佈其身份。
[編輯] 壞人方面
黑幫老大：該角色和普通殺手的唯一區別是：其在被警察或者妓女調查的時候，法官會表示此角色為好人。
殺手的配偶：該角色一開始就知道某個固定的殺手的身份，但是在該殺手死前他（她）屬於壞人，死後會自動變成好人。責任是保護殺手，在日間討論時誤導其他人，使其他人不知道誰是真正的殺手。
[編輯] 動態角色
吸血鬼：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是其如果在黑夜被壞人選中殺害的話，其不會死去，但會自動變成壞人的一員（相當於被殺害前向壞人求饒，加入了壞人），成為「吸血鬼復活」。
聖徒：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是在吸血鬼變成真正的壞人的時候，他也會「復活」變成聖徒，在黑夜無論如何也殺不死。
[編輯] 遊戲操作
以複雜模式為例（包含除了殺手配偶以外的所有角色），下面描述一次遊戲的過程，其中法官（主持人）的話為粗體。
[編輯] 日出（初始化）階段
大家首先以抽籤等方式暗中決定每個人的身份，一般使用撲克。所有人圍成一圈，法官站在中間開始主持遊戲。
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
所有玩家閉上眼睛，盡量保持安靜。
法官說：殺手請睜眼；
殺手玩家互相熟悉一下，黑幫老大應作出姿勢向同伴示意自己的身份。（在某些規則中，此刻殺手們可以指出第一個要殺的人）。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。（注意，如果被指的是黑幫老大，法官應表示其為好人）如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼,請妓女（男妓）睜眼, 選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女（男妓）表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女（男妓）閉眼；
法官說：請護士（醫生）睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士（醫生）通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒也復活，其身份自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士（醫生）沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。
[編輯] 白天階段
所有玩家進行討論，挖掘現象，尋找殺手。可以採用輪流發言的形式；
在白天市長可以在任何時刻表明自己的身份強行殺死一人，之後遊戲繼續進行，不進入黑夜。
如果有超過三名玩家懷疑某玩家為壞人，即可將此人加入表決候選。當沒有更多人提出候選人的時候，開始表決。
如果只有一名候選人，投票分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，如果贊成的人數超過反對的人數，此人即被殺死，應該公開身份。或者，如果時間充分，可以規定有半數以上贊成方可殺死。
如果有超過一名候選人，投票同樣分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，得票數多者被殺死（也可規定要超過半數）激活的聖徒也可以在表決中被殺死。
被表決死的人好人可以留下遺言。之後即退出遊戲。
當一個人被表決死後。法官判斷是否好人數量已經低於壞人，如果是則宣佈遊戲結束，壞人勝利。如果壞人已經全部被殺，則遊戲也結束，宣佈好人勝利。否則，遊戲進入黑夜階段。
[編輯] 黑夜階段
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
法官說：殺手請睜眼，請暗殺一個人；
殺手玩家用姿勢和眼神商量暗殺對象，由法官確認。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼，請指出你要調查的人；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認身份，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼；
如果此時妓女玩家還活著，並還沒有使用她的睡覺機會，法官說：請妓女選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女閉眼；
如果此時護士還活著，法官說：請護士睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒身份的玩家自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，或者殺到的人不是復活的聖徒，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。反之，法官宣佈：這晚沒有人被殺。
遊戲在白天階段繼續。
[編輯] 遊戲的設置問題
[編輯] 遊戲人數
一般要求好人人數(x)在壞人人數(y)的兩倍左右，假設每次白天都表決處理一人，夜晚暗殺一人，這樣好人可以容忍((x-y)/2)-1次表決錯誤。有特殊角色（警察、黑幫老大等等）參與的時候，一般特殊角色各一人。
[編輯] 其他規則變化
黑暗社會模式：在此規則中警察可以在遊戲的一開始就知道所有殺手的身份。好人一方獲得這個好處的代價就是所有表決或者暗殺死亡的人均不透露身份。這種模式下壞人一方可以通過預先設計好的「內鬥」來自相殘殺最後讓某個同伴保持到最後，產生更多的局面變化。
眼神殺手遊戲：這種模式一樣有殺手、平民和警察三種角色，遊戲開始時，不需閉眼，大家必須不斷觀察所有人的眼神，當兩人目光接觸時，殺手可利用挑眉或眨眼的動作來殺死平民，但警察則不會被殺死。平民被殺死後必須自己承認，但不能暗示他人殺手是誰。最後當指定的人數被殺死後，由警察來猜出殺手是誰。
完全保密模式，不設法官，亦沒有白天和黑夜之分，只有玩家自己知道自己的身份，殺手以按身邊玩家的手的次數決定殺誰，被按手的玩家又再按下一人的手，每傳到一個玩家就減一下，已死亡的玩家則不需減少按手次數，直至只剩最後一下時就代表該玩家被殺，被殺者需翻開代表自己身份的撲克牌，任何玩家均可以隨時猜測誰是殺手，全部殺手被處決或死亡時即遊戲結束的時候。這個模式的壞處是當人太多時，傳遞會做成混亂，而且有機會有玩家耍賴，被殺了卻裝成沒事。
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%80%E6%89%8B%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F&variant=zh-tw"
Killer in English
Mafia (game)
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This article is about the party game. For the video game, see Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven. For other uses, see Mafia (disambiguation).
Mafia (game)
A game of Mafia being played at EuroOSCON 2006
Players
4 or more1
Age range
9 and up
Skills required
Strategic thoughtTeam playSocial skillsRoleplay
1See Basic gameplay below.2Varies greatly with setting; see online play.
Mafia (also known as Werewolf) is a party game modeling a battle between an informed minority and an uninformed majority. Players are secretly assigned roles: either "mafia", who know each other; or "innocents", who know only the number of mafia amongst them. During the night phase of the game, the Mafia choose an innocent to kill. During the day phase, all players debate the identities of the Mafia and vote to kill someone whom the majority suspect. Players are eliminated until only innocents or mafia remain; the surviving side wins. Mafia is rarely played in groups of fewer than five, and must always start with more innocents than mafia.
Contents[hide]
1 History
2 Basic gameplay
2.1 Roles
2.2 Night
2.3 Day
2.4 Phase duration
2.5 Win condition
2.6 Number of Mafia
3 Variations
3.1 Optional roles
3.2 Optional rules
4 Online play
5 External links
6 See also
7 Notes
//
[edit] History
Mafia was created in the spring of 1986 by Dimma Davidoff at the Psychological Department of Moscow State University , and the first players were playing in classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow University.[1] The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in Europe (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, England, Norway) and then the United States. Mafia is considered to be one of "the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800" by about.com.[2]
Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a Werewolf theme in 1997[3] - Looney Labs have sold a derivative as Are You a Werewolf?, as have Asmodée Éditions under the title Werewolves of Millers Hollow, Mayfair Games as Lupus in Tabula (Latin for Werewolves at the Table), and Béziers games as Ultimate Werewolf.
David and Jon Huston created the first licensed version in the theme of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos called Do You Worship Cthulhu, published by Toy Vault, Inc. The main card art was completed by Ron Spencer and Walt Howington designed the Instruction graphics.
A variation of Mafia was used to promote the film Cry_Wolf (2005), having one wolf, one shepherd, and a number of sheep, with no day and night phases.
Adam Gopnik devotes a chapter to describing the game in Through the Children's Gate.[4]
In June 2006, a Rockingham school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their fifth-grade children.[5]
Ernest Fedorov runs a "Mafia Club" in Kyiv, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes, with the victor of the tournament grand final winning a trip to Sicily.[6]
[edit] Basic gameplay
Players make themselves comfortable in a space such that every player can see every other player.
[edit] Roles
Roles are assigned by a method which is both confidential and verifiable, often by dealing cards; a red or black card signifies the role as either:
Mafia (alternatively,Scum, Werewolves, Worshippers, or Thieves)
Innocents (alternatively, Villagers, Townspeople, Townsfolk, Civilians, or Citizens).
Other roles are possible (see Variants).
Generally, game play also requires a Narrator (alternatively, Dealer, Don, God, Host, Moderator, Proctor, or Storyteller), a person not playing, but moderating the game. The Narrator knows the roles of each player and effectively narrates game play.
[edit] Night
The Narrator tells everyone to close their eyes and lower their heads ("It is now nighttime and all the villagers are asleep...") This can optionally be accompanied by all players tapping gently to mask any giveaway sounds of player movement. On the first night, the Narrator tells the Mafia to open their eyes and acknowledge their fellow Mafia members. Variations at this point:
The Mafia may have a chance to kill off one of the Innocents by show of hands. (On the first night, the Mafia may "kill" the Narrator so that every Innocent gets a chance to participate in at least one execution decision. The Narrator then says in the Morning that he was killed and game play continues as usual.)
Optionally, Mafia members must secretly communicate during the daytime and then unanimously agree to kill someone during the nighttime without opening their eyes to communicate (such as by having the narrator call out the names of each player, with Mafia players raising a hand to signify a kill).
In large groups, each Mafia member can kill one person per night.
In large groups, a Master Mafia member (Master Werewolf) has the ability to induct innocents into the Mafia (or infect villagers into werewolves).
Other variant characters may have turns to open their eyes to do "business" during the night (before or after the Mafia).
[edit] Day
The Narrator tells everyone to wake up and announces the Mafia's victim. Usually this involves the Narrator telling a story about the murder scene that the remaining players wake up to, and/or a story of how the victim was killed. For example, "The police chief said, 'Bob was shot seven times, stabbed three times, and drowned in the river. This is the worst case of suicide I've ever seen.'" This player is "dead" and may no longer participate in the game in any way, and is thus permitted to keep their eyes open at night.
Depending on the variant, The Narrator may reveal the identity of dead players, dead players may reveal themselves by flipping their cards face up (most common version), or the alignment of the dead may remain hidden. Typically, prematurely revealing one's identity by flipping one's card face up while still alive is considered suicide; in single-execution-per-day variants, this may count as the execution for that day.
During the daytime phase, the players deliberate over which suspected Mafia member they wish to nominate for execution. The Innocents want to execute a Mafia member but all players are allowed to vote. Generally, The Narrator will administer the election, the nominee may be given a chance to defend themselves and a majority is required for the execution to be carried out, although voting variants abound. The same rules apply to players who are executed as to players killed by the Mafia. In some variants, multiple players may be killed during the same day. Usually, each player must vote, can only vote once and cannot vote for themselves.
[edit] Phase duration
Daytime and nighttime can move quickly in live play, as daily executions and nightly decisions are communicated in real time. Daytime phases usually require a majority to be reached in order for a lynch (execution) to occur and effectively end the round. A set time limit may also be applied to this condition. At night, the evil factions have more information, and less to deliberate. Because of that, night is considerably shorter than day.
When playing online, more time is needed to reach decisions. Players aren't usually available in unison, so forum-based phases tend to last longer than live phases. Online "turbos" replicate live games in requiring all players' continuous participation; the day phase is typically 20 or 25 minutes long and the night phase is usually 5 minutes long. In long online games, days usually run from 9am to 9pm and nights from 9pm to 9am.[7]
[edit] Win condition
The game ends either when the last Mafia member is killed (Innocent victory) or the Mafia members equal or outnumber the Innocents during the day (Mafia victory). The innocents have no way of voting off mafia members at this point, but the mafia can still kill each night. Other variants have different victory conditions.
[edit] Number of Mafia
A game with just one more innocent player than Mafia players during the day phase will be won by the innocents if they always kill mafiosi (otherwise, they lose). A game starting with a night kill must begin with at least two more innocents than mafiosi to permit an innocent victory.
The optimal number of each type of character depends on players' preferences for game length and Mafia win percentage. A good rule of thumb is about one mafia for every two non-mafia members. So one mafia member for under five players, two mafia for five to seven players, three mafia for eight to ten players, and so on. For greater than sixteen players, games usually last too long and the dead become restless. It can add excitement to conceal how many mafia are playing (narration: "either two or three mafiosi are amongst you").
Generally, fewer players result in fewer turns and thus less time to determine the identity of the mafia. The inclusion of "variant" characters typically decreases the Mafia's chance of victory. For example, the addition of a Sheriff or Doctor will decrease the expected Mafia win percentage.
Allowing the Townspeople to abstain from killing on certain turns can decrease or increase the Mafia win percentage as can variants which make it more difficult for the Mafia to achieve a kill (e.g., requiring them to agree on a victim independently). The "no kill" variant compensates to some extent for the disadvantage given to odd numbers of Townspeople. Otherwise, 2n+1 Innocents are less likely to win than 2n Innocents (for n>2) because they have decreased their odds of voting for a Mafia each turn without increasing their number of turns (resulting in ties rather than Mafia majorities).
[edit] Variations
This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Over the years, players have created Mafia variants which utilize alternative names for characters, additional characters, and different methods for conducting deliberation, voting and killing.
[edit] Optional roles
These additional roles are named differently in the many versions of Mafia, for thematic flavor, or historical reasons. Also, the same role-name can have differing functions across different versions of the game.[8]. What follows is a general list of role types found in Mafia variants; since the specific names vary by milieu it must be non-exhaustive.
Investigative roles (Standard) - "Detective", "Policeman", "Seer", "Fortune Teller", "Angel", "Sheriff",[9] "Commandant", "Knight Commandant", "Cop", "Inspector", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Detective" can detect the alignment of other players at night. They will typically "wake up", and point at one person, whereupon the Narrator will silently answer with nods or gestures if that person is "Mafia". Although this role is theoretically optional (and was explicitly excluded by Davidoff)[10] a "Detective" is usually included in modern games. For example, somebody is always assigned this role in all commercial card game versions,[11] and almost all internet-based, and most face-to-face games start with at least one detective.[12]
Investigative roles (Less common) - "Super Commandant", "Spy", "Psychic", "Sorcerer", "Wizard", "Psychologist", "Cattani", "Devil", "Tracker", "Prophet", "Little Girl", "Oracle", etc.
The "Super Commandant" has the standard power of a "Detective", while also protecting the investigated from night-time attack. "Psychic", "Psychologist", or "Sorceror"-type investigators can determine other players' roles, rather than their alignments.[8] A "Tracker" may see what someone's night action was, or the target of their action. The Devil is the Detective's Mafia counterpart, with the night-time ability to identify empowered Innocents.[13] The "Little Girl" in Werewolf is allowed to secretly peek and watch as the werewolves choose their victim.[14] Information revealed to investigators is fallible (in more complicated variants). Online versions can give information with a confidence level, and in other variants the Narrator deceives the Detective by showing all players as Innocent, all as Guilty, giving reversed results, or random information (these can be termed as "Naïve",[15] "Paranoid", "Insane", or "Random" respectively). Additionally, some Alignment roles give immunity to successful investigation.[16]
Protective roles - "Guardian Angel", "Doctor", "Healer", "Archangel", "Bodyguard", "Sorcerer", "Doctor Mario", "Protector", "Highlander", "Nurse", "Herbalist", "Firefighter", "Girl/Boy Scout", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Doctor"-type role defends others at night.[17] Typically, they will "awaken" at night after the "Mafia" have "gone back to sleep" and point at one person to protect; that person will survive any night-time attack.[18] Sometimes they are allowed to protect themselves, sometimes only once. (A "Guardian Angel" has the doctor's powers without the ability to self-protect.) The "Nurse" gains the Doctor's abilities if the Doctor dies.[19]. The Firefighter,[20] or the Herbalist can protect from some night-time attacks but not others. (In Werewolf, for example, they choose one person to protect with wolfsbane, but that person may still be killed by the Serial Killer.)
Killing roles - "Vigilante", "Rambo", "Crazy Veteran", "Bomb", "Terrorist", "Gravedigger", "Hunter", "Village Bicycle", "Human Torch", "Woodcutter", etc.
Aside from Mafia, Werewolves, and Serial Killers (solitary guilty parties), the Innocents may have some roles with the ability to kill at night. The Vigilante is an "innocent" who kills every night, in his own night-time phase,[21] in some variations, having a limited "bullet" supply for the entire game. The Bomb/Crazy Vet may only trigger if targeted at night (not necessarily for death) by another role. Variants exist where this person can kill during the daytime cycle (e.g., the Terrorist / Gravedigger), sometimes only if executed during the daytime (e.g., the Hunter / Village Bicycle). One killer can have the ability to kill several other people at once. For example, Rambo can kill three adjacent victims.[22] And, if killed in the night, the Human Torch can kill the two surviving players closest to them in the morning. The "Woodcutter" or "Hunter" can take one other person with them when they die.[23]
Alignment roles - "Miller", "Godfather", "Alpha Wolf", "Master Werewolf", etc.
Some roles can fool investigations to determine their alignments: the Miller is an Innocent who appears guilty (usually because they are an outsider); the Godfather, on the other hand, appears innocent despite being the Mafia leader.[24] The "Alpha Wolf" or "Master Werewolf" have the same role as the Godfather in Werewolf settings.
Double-agent roles - "Godfather", "Traitor", "Possessed", "Undercover Cop", "Rat", "Judas", etc.
There is an alternative definition of "Godfather" role from the Alignment role Godfather (who is immune to alignment-detection). This "Godfather" behaves as a standard mafioso, but wakes again (after the Mafia sleep) for an extra kill. This Godfather-role wins only if he survives. The Traitor is not a mafioso, but works with their vote during the day cycle to protect Mafia and hamper the town (he wins only with a Mafia victory).[25] Conversely, "The Rat" or "Undercover Cop" is a mole within the Mafia group (winning with the innocents). Judas is an innocent who converts into a "Traitor" (and survives) when lynched (or vice versa, becoming a "Rat").[26]
Role manipulators - "Role-blocker", "Walrus", "Prostitute", "National Guardsman", "Switcher", "Bus Driver", "Thief", "Barman", etc.
These roles can stop or alter the night actions of others; for instance, they may prevent a protection or investigation from occurring, or they may change the target. The "Walrus" can block the Vigilante for a night,[27] while the "Thief" or "Prostitute" might be able to disable the powers of any selected target.[28]
Recruitment Roles - "Godfather", "Psychiatrist", "Cult Leader and Followers", etc.
Cult Leaders recruit at night instead of kill; they act as an independent faction, usually with the ability to talk at night. The Mafia Godfather may be able to recruit innocent players into his faction under certain circumstances. The Psychiatrist is an innocent with the ability to convert the Serial Killer into a normal innocent.[29]
Association roles - "Freemasons (Masons)", "Siblings", "Cupid", "Lovers”,etc.
Possessors of these roles know one another and what their roles are.[30] On the innocent's side, a "Mason" usually has no special abilities, but knows the identity of all other Masons and that all Masons are also innocent.[31] Sibling pairs typically consist of one Mafia and one Innocent; if one dies, both die. Cupid chooses a pair of "Lovers" on the first night.[32] In this variant, the Lovers can also win the game (regardless of whether they are Mafia, Innocents, or both) by being the last two standing. In some versions, if one "Lover" is killed the other dies as well.
Power roles - "Mayor", "Judge", "Sheriff", "President", etc.
This role is taken in addition to the assigned role, and it endows the player with additional, overt, powers (particularly during the daytime). Empowerment can be random, but is usually made by vote. For instance, the "Mayor" or "Sheriff" can be elected each morning, and gain two lynching votes, or a Judge could moderate discussion in parliamentary fashion (to the advantage of their "team"). The elected "President" has the sole lynching vote.[33]
Handicapped roles - "Murr", "Village Drunk", etc.
This role is, much as the power roles, taken in addition to the assigned role. However, it has the opposite effect, giving the bearer a handicap, like speaking only gibberish in the case of the Village Drunk, etc.
Mafia Team Variant Roles - "Silencer", "Yakuza", etc.
The "Silencer" can 'silence' anyone each day (except whoever was silenced yesterday). The silenced individual wakes in the morning and is immediately instructed not to talk until the end of the day (They may vote and be executed though). The Silencer does not participate in the mafia killing, and the mafia do not know who their silencer is, but he is typically aligned with them and knows their identities. The Yakuza is a regular mafia player with an extra power: they may sacrifice themselves from the second night (during the night) and choose an innocent to join the mafia team.[34]
Post-mortem roles - "Dark Background", "Priest", "Medium", "Forensic Expert", "M.E.", etc.
The "dark background" roles are standard (mafia or innocent) except for revealing a deceptive alignment when killed. The "M.E." gathers information from the killings that can help the innocents,[35] while the "Priest" learns about the alignment of the dead in the same way that the Detective learns about the living.[36] The Medium can interrogate dead players.[37]
Reanimation roles - ," "Reviver," "Master Reviver, "Governor", "Martyr", "Witch", etc.
Revivers & "Master Revivers" are able to resurrect dead players, Master Revivers can bring the revived into their association (e.g., the Masons: see Association roles). The players resurrected by a Necromancers are converted to the Necromancer's alignment. The "Governor" can reprieve those killed during the daytime,[38] as can the "Martyr"-role if he sacrifices himself.[39]. The Witch has a (single-use) revival potion. At night, she's shown who will die in the morning, and can choose to save them.[40]
Rule-immune Roles - "Bulletproof", "Oracle", etc.
A variant on receiving protection is the "Bulletproof" innocent, who becomes invulnerable to night-time attack.[41] The Oracle has an investigative role similar to a "Seer" but also has the power to talk when inactive (talking in a "sleep" phase is usually a rule infraction).
Special roles - "Baker", "Village Idiot", "Cobbler", etc.
The baker is on the side of the innocents. During the night, the baker chooses one player to be the recipient of a loaf of bread. If the baker dies, the innocents have just three nights to dispose of the mafia, or the innocents starve, and the mafia win. The Cobbler or "Village Idiot" has the objective of convincing the town to kill him, or is required to vote in favor of all proposed lynchings.
Additional variations exist, sometimes with even more specialized or complicated abilities.[42]
[edit] Optional rules
Mafia killing methods - some variants require all Mafia members to choose the same victim independently for a kill to succeed. This can be achieved either by waking the Mafia members up separately,[43] or by having them write their kills. Under this variant, Innocent players write the word 'honest' on a piece of paper; Mafia members write the name of a player for elimination. If all the mafia notes have the same name on them, that player is considered killed by the Mafia. In some online versions of the game, a particular player (the Godfather or a designated mafioso) must send in the kill.
Voting variants - some variants have a more complicated process of selecting players to be executed. Davidoff's original 'Mafia' allowed multiple day-time executions (per day), each needing only a plurality to action. Another variant requires the night-time vote to be secret and unanimous, but allows multiple players to be added to the execution queue to ensure unanimity.
"No lynch" or "No kill" - the Innocents can choose not to kill anybody during the day. Although commonly unsure of Mafia identities, the Innocents are more likely to randomly kill a mafioso than are the Mafia (at night). Therefore, "No kill" may favor the Mafia. (Furthermore, a player's role is generally revealed at death, providing reliable information to the Innocents.) However, when the number of survivors is even, "No Kill" may help the Innocents; for example, when three Innocents and one mafioso remain, "No kill" gives a 1/3 chance of killing the mafioso the next day, rather than a 1/4 chance today (assuming random lynching). Lynching an innocent either day gives a Mafia win (a daytime killing which leaves 2 innocents alive will leave one innocent and one mafioso alive the next morning, usually ruled a win for the Mafia).
Random narrator - to eliminate the inconvenience of being killed first, this variant has the Innocent killed on the first night become the Narrator. The Mafia must inform this victim of their death without revealing themselves. The writing variant works best.
Multiple families - (or a Mafia group and a Werewolf group) act and win independently, giving faster gameplay and the potential for "cross-fire" between the factions.
Imprisonment - allows players to be sent to prison as an alternative to execution. They can either be sent there by vote or at the discretion of an optional character. Imprisoned players move to a separate room, possibly with a separate narrator. Murders can happen in prison and certain roles or events can liberate players.
Kidnapping - like imprisonment, this variant allows for a Kidnapper character to remove individuals from the game temporarily. If the kidnapper is killed (or, in some cases, investigated by an Investigative role), the kidnapped return. While kidnapped, players are inactive, and can not watch night-time events.
Wrath of God - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one or more Innocents, to carry a cost for their death(s). If the Mafia selects said Innocent during the night round, then the mafioso who selected the "protected" player will also die as a result. If, during the day round, any player leads an accusation towards the "protected" player and that player is voted out, then the original accuser shall die as well. ("Wrath of God" in online games often refers to the moderator killing off inactive or disruptive players, not to this rule variation.)[44]
Plague - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one player who dies of plague in the morning. A player who targets the plagued player at night may contract the plague as a result.
Punishment - this variant is generally used as a drinking or risk based game. When a person is killed in the game they are made to take a punishment. In drinking circles this may be a shot of Gin or Vodka.
Lives - this variant requires the Narrator to keep track of the players' lives on a piece of paper, because every player has two or more lives. This extends the game when there are too few players for the standard rules. Kills (in the night & day phases) reduce these lives, until a player reaches zero lives and is eliminated. Mafia 'kills' which reduce lives are usually not announced to the innocents.
Lives with Anemia - this variant is based on Lives but some (randomly chosen) players have a single life.
"The Cult of the Giant Clam" - this variant allows both villagers and the Mafia (or werewolves) to sign a suicide pact. At night, the Narrator says "I call the Cult of the Giant Clam" or something along those lines. Those wishing to join the Cult open their eyes, to see the other cultists, before going back to sleep. Any member of the Cult may say "Clam" at any time, and all who have joined the Cult die. Members of the Cult may call it before deaths are announced: the Narrator says "In the morning everyone wakes up except for-" and a member of the Cult may cut in with "Clam", killing all members.
Attributes - in this variant, players are given two cards: the first contains their role, the second an attribute. Attributes are originally derived from roles that could apply to both Mafia and Innocent alignments: currently including Bulletproof (cannot be killed at night), Mayor (has two votes in the lynch), and Siamese Twins (more commonly know as Siblings or Lovers).[45]
[edit] Online play
This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Although Mafia is usually played face to face, online play is also common. These games last longer, and allow player's votes and words to be reviewed more easily. There are many forms of online play: the film Cry Wolf was promoted through a wolves vs sheep variant, played over AOL Instant Messenger. Online play typically means Internet forum-play, with early games including those in the forum of mathematical puzzle site Grey Labyrinth in 2000.[46] The standard human-moderated games require one or two moderators: a sign up thread is created announcing the game, and once the game has sufficient players, play can begin. It starts in the night phase with mafiosi communicating via email before submitting their kill (to the moderator). The moderator then writes the appropriate death scene for those that were eliminated, and posts a dawn scene. Software can automate the moderator function, but this is rarer. All players can now discuss (in the forum) who they should execute, followed by an execution vote. Innocents are usually forbidden in-game communication outside of the public forum.
Mafia is also played on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) using private messages to send votes and channel modes to allow private communication during the night. The most common room for this is found on EFnet in channel #mafiagame.[citation needed]
Fictional reality themes are common in online play, which will work with any group of well known characters. The Simpsons, Hanna Barbera, The Lord of the Rings have been used, for example, because of their extensive character sets. Players are assigned characters from the theme, with matching roles. Generic themes are also popular - such as the Werewolf-theme.
To overcome a lot of those problems an email version was invented by a group of programmers and players on richard's pbemserver. The end result was written down as a ruleset. Most of the times the Werewolf variant is played, but it has the same rules as Mafia and sometimes both Mafia and Werewolf groups are trying to kill the village. The games take mostly one week and every month 3 games are started and finished.
[edit] External links
The original Mafia ruleset
Hungarian Mensa Society - first Mafia page on the net
The Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton University's page has an extensive list of variations
Werewolf: A Mind Game describes the original 'Werewolf' variant of the game.
Mafia/Werewolf at BoardGameGeek
Grey Labyrinth - the birthplace of online Mafia
MafiaScum - largest dedicated site for online Mafia play; also includes a wiki containing roles and theory
[edit] See also
Assassin (game)
[edit] Notes
^ Andrew Plotkin's Werewolf page History section. quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and "likely over next summer, through student summer camps". He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
^ Arneson, Erik. Board and Card Games Timeline.. About.com also includes Mafia in the "Top 5 Best Voting Games". The reason it is significant is given: Werewolf / Mafia. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. “Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles.”
^ Werewolf A Mind Game. is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. ISBN 18472432X.
^ Davis, Aaron (2006-08-04). School officials still investigating 'Mafia'. Seacoast Media Group. “One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, "My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?"”. The Rockingham News story about investigation into the Mafia games at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School includes Davidoff's response: "I do understand the parents' concern, being a parent myself and having studied child psychology for 25 years. I want to reassure you that the positive message of the game would overcome any possible negative affects of an 'evil narrator.'"
^ Berest, Pavlo (2006-03-08). Intellectuals playing mafia games. “Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov.” The club has its own rules, see: Club "Империя Мафии".
^ The USGamers Werewolf Rules & Gameplay. section describes the way online Werewolf/Mafia games are played on many sites as well as on their own automatic, forum-integrated software.
^ a b For example, the Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf Sorcerer. has the ability to detect the "Seer" role. (The "sorcerer" is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton University's, in which the "Wizard" has the ability to detect the Seer.) Whatever name this role is known by, the "Detective-detector" is typically aligned with the Mafia (for example, see: 9 Player Werewolf "Evil" team (2005).)
^ Mafia (con). Retrieved on 2007-12-20. “Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members”
^ Davidoff, Dimma. Original Mafia Rules. “my reservations of including different knowledge bearing characters (inspector, angel, seer). [is that] The only knowledge in the game is Mafia connections, everything else is artificial.”
^ As of November 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to becomes a "Seer". The Do you worship Cthulhu Deck Setup. specifies that a "Seer" card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Similarly, the Lupus in Tabula "Preparation" calls for the "Seer" card to be dealt to somebody even if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). Getting Started with Ultimate Werewolf Role Selection. advises that even the "introductory game" should include the Seer (with further optional roles being added in addition to the seer in later games). Werewolves of Millers hollow uses the "Fortune Teller" name for the "Detective" but the role is identical to the standard "seer"/"angel"/"detective", and is again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in Are You a Werewolf? - though it is after the werewolves' phase.)
^ For example, The Mafia rules (MIT). are very simple, and specify roles for 7-20 players, always including at least one "Detective". Andrew Plotkin's original Werewolf always includes a "Villager (Seer)", and he mentions that in 1997 "Mafia" was played in the National Puzzlers' League convention with a "Knight Commandant". (The role of the "Knight Commandant" or "Knight" is described in detail as having the standard "Detective" powers in: National Puzzlers' League -- 1997 Convention Reports. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.) Plotkin describes Davidoff's original game (which had no Detective) as "well off the current average". A rare modern rule-set with "No Inspector" is: Engstrøm, Vegard (1999). The Game Player Constellations. but only when starting with five, larger groups get at least one inspector.
^ The Devil role is usually given to a non-Mafioso traitor. See: Variants of Mafia Rules: Devil and Wizard.
^ For example: Ultimate Werewolf Little Girl Card..
^ Name: Naive Cop. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate”
^ For example, "The Oracle" in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they pick the "Master Werewolf" – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager card.
^ Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, but this isn't required; they usually indicate the player to protect in a separate phase of gameplay (a separate part of the night) than the Mafia's killing phase. The "Mafia-Doctor" is a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the opposite power (from the Doctor) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.
^ The protected player gains complete invulnerability during the night they are visited by the "Doctor" or "Bodyguard". The Mafia don't usually know the identity of the protected player, nor get a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected player (e.g., Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.).
^ For example, see the 2+2 rule-set describing the Nurse: Mafia rules.
^ Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter.
^ Do you worship Cthulu Roles and Quick Reference Script. Retrieved on 2007-11-21.. This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the Walrus role-blocker.
^ Variants of Mafia Rules: Rambo. which the old Princeton University guide classifies as an uncommon variant.
^ The Hunter appears in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow, for example. The "Woodcutter" is a (less common) equivalent name for the role.
^ The Godfather role is played differently between variants. If immunity to detection is the Godfather's only power, his leadership of the Mafia need only be nominal: Name: Godfather.
^ A typical Traitor-type role is the "Possessed" Special Character from The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules.
^ The Variants of Mafia Rules Judas/Saulus. role is described as original to Albert Ziegler jr. by the Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton. This role requires that other variations be in play to give alternative explanations for a failed day-time lynching. The name for the mafioso-to-innocent role is usually "Saul".
^ Mafia vs Werewolves.
^ The thief's action usually applies for a single night, as in: Mafia Game: IRC Version.. The thief sometimes has a purely investigative function - being only able to determine the roles from stolen items.Thief.
^ The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer according to the Pub Game rules: Serial Killer.. When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may be "The Psychopath", as in: Name: Pyschiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: Third Party at MafiaScum.net)..
^ For example, Ultimate Werewolf Masons recognize one another from the first night: Mason Card.
^ Princeton's Variants of Mafia Rules Masons.
^ Cupid card. in Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf, for example.
^ Mafia variant: President. described by MafiaSpiel.de, for example.
^ Other than the Yakuza, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the night this power is used. The potential existence of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fear of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they expect the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).[citation needed]
^ Medical Examiner.
^ The Priest alone knows whether the dead were innocent in the World Boardgaming Championships game described by Bruno Wolff in Werewolf rules. Retrieved on 2007-11-19.
^ The Medium function varies, for example see summarized 'Medium-enabled séance' rules from Werewolf at: boredgamegeeks. Retrieved on 2007-11-14., as opposed to the Lupus in Tabula Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (see: Lupus in Tabula (English rules) Special Characters.).
^ The Princeton University "Mafia vs. Werewolves" rules grant the Governor the power to pardon execution victims (in effect, after the lynching) for example: (The Powers (page 2), Governor.. Retrieved on 2007-11-15.).
^ Martyr. Retrieved on 2007-11-16.
^ The "Witch" was introduced as a special character in The Werewolves of Millers Hollow, she also has a single-use killing potion.
^ The "bullet proof" effect typically applies to night-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the Ultimate Werewolf "Amulet of Protection" (bulletproof vest equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles do give permanent protection from "mafia" attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula Werehamster
^ For example see the lengthy variant role list at MafiaWiki The roles..
^ The 'separate waking' method of designating victims is used in the official Mayday. rules, for example. (This is a Soviet Union-themed variant with other expanded rules, released under Creative Commons licensing.)
^ Specific conditions triggering elimination by moderator vary and are usually announced in advance, for example: Early warning thread for Mafia game #2 (2006-04-19).. The game moderator will sometimes threaten "Wrath of God" for disruptions, or inactivity: Wolf (Forum game). “Anyone who fails to vote for three days in a row is subject to the Wrath of God”
^ 7-0-7, Jon Bennett Mafia Advanced Rules. Additional rules created by Jon Bennett, accepted in local Mafia circles.
^ Mafia!! (2008-02-16).
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_%28game%29"
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This article is about the party game. For the video game, see Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven. For other uses, see Mafia (disambiguation).
Mafia (game)
A game of Mafia being played at EuroOSCON 2006
Players
4 or more1
Age range
9 and up
Skills required
Strategic thoughtTeam playSocial skillsRoleplay
1See Basic gameplay below.2Varies greatly with setting; see online play.
Mafia (also known as Werewolf) is a party game modeling a battle between an informed minority and an uninformed majority. Players are secretly assigned roles: either "mafia", who know each other; or "innocents", who know only the number of mafia amongst them. During the night phase of the game, the Mafia choose an innocent to kill. During the day phase, all players debate the identities of the Mafia and vote to kill someone whom the majority suspect. Players are eliminated until only innocents or mafia remain; the surviving side wins. Mafia is rarely played in groups of fewer than five, and must always start with more innocents than mafia.
Contents[hide]
1 History
2 Basic gameplay
2.1 Roles
2.2 Night
2.3 Day
2.4 Phase duration
2.5 Win condition
2.6 Number of Mafia
3 Variations
3.1 Optional roles
3.2 Optional rules
4 Online play
5 External links
6 See also
7 Notes
//
[edit] History
Mafia was created in the spring of 1986 by Dimma Davidoff at the Psychological Department of Moscow State University , and the first players were playing in classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow University.[1] The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in Europe (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, England, Norway) and then the United States. Mafia is considered to be one of "the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800" by about.com.[2]
Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a Werewolf theme in 1997[3] - Looney Labs have sold a derivative as Are You a Werewolf?, as have Asmodée Éditions under the title Werewolves of Millers Hollow, Mayfair Games as Lupus in Tabula (Latin for Werewolves at the Table), and Béziers games as Ultimate Werewolf.
David and Jon Huston created the first licensed version in the theme of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos called Do You Worship Cthulhu, published by Toy Vault, Inc. The main card art was completed by Ron Spencer and Walt Howington designed the Instruction graphics.
A variation of Mafia was used to promote the film Cry_Wolf (2005), having one wolf, one shepherd, and a number of sheep, with no day and night phases.
Adam Gopnik devotes a chapter to describing the game in Through the Children's Gate.[4]
In June 2006, a Rockingham school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their fifth-grade children.[5]
Ernest Fedorov runs a "Mafia Club" in Kyiv, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes, with the victor of the tournament grand final winning a trip to Sicily.[6]
[edit] Basic gameplay
Players make themselves comfortable in a space such that every player can see every other player.
[edit] Roles
Roles are assigned by a method which is both confidential and verifiable, often by dealing cards; a red or black card signifies the role as either:
Mafia (alternatively,Scum, Werewolves, Worshippers, or Thieves)
Innocents (alternatively, Villagers, Townspeople, Townsfolk, Civilians, or Citizens).
Other roles are possible (see Variants).
Generally, game play also requires a Narrator (alternatively, Dealer, Don, God, Host, Moderator, Proctor, or Storyteller), a person not playing, but moderating the game. The Narrator knows the roles of each player and effectively narrates game play.
[edit] Night
The Narrator tells everyone to close their eyes and lower their heads ("It is now nighttime and all the villagers are asleep...") This can optionally be accompanied by all players tapping gently to mask any giveaway sounds of player movement. On the first night, the Narrator tells the Mafia to open their eyes and acknowledge their fellow Mafia members. Variations at this point:
The Mafia may have a chance to kill off one of the Innocents by show of hands. (On the first night, the Mafia may "kill" the Narrator so that every Innocent gets a chance to participate in at least one execution decision. The Narrator then says in the Morning that he was killed and game play continues as usual.)
Optionally, Mafia members must secretly communicate during the daytime and then unanimously agree to kill someone during the nighttime without opening their eyes to communicate (such as by having the narrator call out the names of each player, with Mafia players raising a hand to signify a kill).
In large groups, each Mafia member can kill one person per night.
In large groups, a Master Mafia member (Master Werewolf) has the ability to induct innocents into the Mafia (or infect villagers into werewolves).
Other variant characters may have turns to open their eyes to do "business" during the night (before or after the Mafia).
[edit] Day
The Narrator tells everyone to wake up and announces the Mafia's victim. Usually this involves the Narrator telling a story about the murder scene that the remaining players wake up to, and/or a story of how the victim was killed. For example, "The police chief said, 'Bob was shot seven times, stabbed three times, and drowned in the river. This is the worst case of suicide I've ever seen.'" This player is "dead" and may no longer participate in the game in any way, and is thus permitted to keep their eyes open at night.
Depending on the variant, The Narrator may reveal the identity of dead players, dead players may reveal themselves by flipping their cards face up (most common version), or the alignment of the dead may remain hidden. Typically, prematurely revealing one's identity by flipping one's card face up while still alive is considered suicide; in single-execution-per-day variants, this may count as the execution for that day.
During the daytime phase, the players deliberate over which suspected Mafia member they wish to nominate for execution. The Innocents want to execute a Mafia member but all players are allowed to vote. Generally, The Narrator will administer the election, the nominee may be given a chance to defend themselves and a majority is required for the execution to be carried out, although voting variants abound. The same rules apply to players who are executed as to players killed by the Mafia. In some variants, multiple players may be killed during the same day. Usually, each player must vote, can only vote once and cannot vote for themselves.
[edit] Phase duration
Daytime and nighttime can move quickly in live play, as daily executions and nightly decisions are communicated in real time. Daytime phases usually require a majority to be reached in order for a lynch (execution) to occur and effectively end the round. A set time limit may also be applied to this condition. At night, the evil factions have more information, and less to deliberate. Because of that, night is considerably shorter than day.
When playing online, more time is needed to reach decisions. Players aren't usually available in unison, so forum-based phases tend to last longer than live phases. Online "turbos" replicate live games in requiring all players' continuous participation; the day phase is typically 20 or 25 minutes long and the night phase is usually 5 minutes long. In long online games, days usually run from 9am to 9pm and nights from 9pm to 9am.[7]
[edit] Win condition
The game ends either when the last Mafia member is killed (Innocent victory) or the Mafia members equal or outnumber the Innocents during the day (Mafia victory). The innocents have no way of voting off mafia members at this point, but the mafia can still kill each night. Other variants have different victory conditions.
[edit] Number of Mafia
A game with just one more innocent player than Mafia players during the day phase will be won by the innocents if they always kill mafiosi (otherwise, they lose). A game starting with a night kill must begin with at least two more innocents than mafiosi to permit an innocent victory.
The optimal number of each type of character depends on players' preferences for game length and Mafia win percentage. A good rule of thumb is about one mafia for every two non-mafia members. So one mafia member for under five players, two mafia for five to seven players, three mafia for eight to ten players, and so on. For greater than sixteen players, games usually last too long and the dead become restless. It can add excitement to conceal how many mafia are playing (narration: "either two or three mafiosi are amongst you").
Generally, fewer players result in fewer turns and thus less time to determine the identity of the mafia. The inclusion of "variant" characters typically decreases the Mafia's chance of victory. For example, the addition of a Sheriff or Doctor will decrease the expected Mafia win percentage.
Allowing the Townspeople to abstain from killing on certain turns can decrease or increase the Mafia win percentage as can variants which make it more difficult for the Mafia to achieve a kill (e.g., requiring them to agree on a victim independently). The "no kill" variant compensates to some extent for the disadvantage given to odd numbers of Townspeople. Otherwise, 2n+1 Innocents are less likely to win than 2n Innocents (for n>2) because they have decreased their odds of voting for a Mafia each turn without increasing their number of turns (resulting in ties rather than Mafia majorities).
[edit] Variations
This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Over the years, players have created Mafia variants which utilize alternative names for characters, additional characters, and different methods for conducting deliberation, voting and killing.
[edit] Optional roles
These additional roles are named differently in the many versions of Mafia, for thematic flavor, or historical reasons. Also, the same role-name can have differing functions across different versions of the game.[8]. What follows is a general list of role types found in Mafia variants; since the specific names vary by milieu it must be non-exhaustive.
Investigative roles (Standard) - "Detective", "Policeman", "Seer", "Fortune Teller", "Angel", "Sheriff",[9] "Commandant", "Knight Commandant", "Cop", "Inspector", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Detective" can detect the alignment of other players at night. They will typically "wake up", and point at one person, whereupon the Narrator will silently answer with nods or gestures if that person is "Mafia". Although this role is theoretically optional (and was explicitly excluded by Davidoff)[10] a "Detective" is usually included in modern games. For example, somebody is always assigned this role in all commercial card game versions,[11] and almost all internet-based, and most face-to-face games start with at least one detective.[12]
Investigative roles (Less common) - "Super Commandant", "Spy", "Psychic", "Sorcerer", "Wizard", "Psychologist", "Cattani", "Devil", "Tracker", "Prophet", "Little Girl", "Oracle", etc.
The "Super Commandant" has the standard power of a "Detective", while also protecting the investigated from night-time attack. "Psychic", "Psychologist", or "Sorceror"-type investigators can determine other players' roles, rather than their alignments.[8] A "Tracker" may see what someone's night action was, or the target of their action. The Devil is the Detective's Mafia counterpart, with the night-time ability to identify empowered Innocents.[13] The "Little Girl" in Werewolf is allowed to secretly peek and watch as the werewolves choose their victim.[14] Information revealed to investigators is fallible (in more complicated variants). Online versions can give information with a confidence level, and in other variants the Narrator deceives the Detective by showing all players as Innocent, all as Guilty, giving reversed results, or random information (these can be termed as "Naïve",[15] "Paranoid", "Insane", or "Random" respectively). Additionally, some Alignment roles give immunity to successful investigation.[16]
Protective roles - "Guardian Angel", "Doctor", "Healer", "Archangel", "Bodyguard", "Sorcerer", "Doctor Mario", "Protector", "Highlander", "Nurse", "Herbalist", "Firefighter", "Girl/Boy Scout", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Doctor"-type role defends others at night.[17] Typically, they will "awaken" at night after the "Mafia" have "gone back to sleep" and point at one person to protect; that person will survive any night-time attack.[18] Sometimes they are allowed to protect themselves, sometimes only once. (A "Guardian Angel" has the doctor's powers without the ability to self-protect.) The "Nurse" gains the Doctor's abilities if the Doctor dies.[19]. The Firefighter,[20] or the Herbalist can protect from some night-time attacks but not others. (In Werewolf, for example, they choose one person to protect with wolfsbane, but that person may still be killed by the Serial Killer.)
Killing roles - "Vigilante", "Rambo", "Crazy Veteran", "Bomb", "Terrorist", "Gravedigger", "Hunter", "Village Bicycle", "Human Torch", "Woodcutter", etc.
Aside from Mafia, Werewolves, and Serial Killers (solitary guilty parties), the Innocents may have some roles with the ability to kill at night. The Vigilante is an "innocent" who kills every night, in his own night-time phase,[21] in some variations, having a limited "bullet" supply for the entire game. The Bomb/Crazy Vet may only trigger if targeted at night (not necessarily for death) by another role. Variants exist where this person can kill during the daytime cycle (e.g., the Terrorist / Gravedigger), sometimes only if executed during the daytime (e.g., the Hunter / Village Bicycle). One killer can have the ability to kill several other people at once. For example, Rambo can kill three adjacent victims.[22] And, if killed in the night, the Human Torch can kill the two surviving players closest to them in the morning. The "Woodcutter" or "Hunter" can take one other person with them when they die.[23]
Alignment roles - "Miller", "Godfather", "Alpha Wolf", "Master Werewolf", etc.
Some roles can fool investigations to determine their alignments: the Miller is an Innocent who appears guilty (usually because they are an outsider); the Godfather, on the other hand, appears innocent despite being the Mafia leader.[24] The "Alpha Wolf" or "Master Werewolf" have the same role as the Godfather in Werewolf settings.
Double-agent roles - "Godfather", "Traitor", "Possessed", "Undercover Cop", "Rat", "Judas", etc.
There is an alternative definition of "Godfather" role from the Alignment role Godfather (who is immune to alignment-detection). This "Godfather" behaves as a standard mafioso, but wakes again (after the Mafia sleep) for an extra kill. This Godfather-role wins only if he survives. The Traitor is not a mafioso, but works with their vote during the day cycle to protect Mafia and hamper the town (he wins only with a Mafia victory).[25] Conversely, "The Rat" or "Undercover Cop" is a mole within the Mafia group (winning with the innocents). Judas is an innocent who converts into a "Traitor" (and survives) when lynched (or vice versa, becoming a "Rat").[26]
Role manipulators - "Role-blocker", "Walrus", "Prostitute", "National Guardsman", "Switcher", "Bus Driver", "Thief", "Barman", etc.
These roles can stop or alter the night actions of others; for instance, they may prevent a protection or investigation from occurring, or they may change the target. The "Walrus" can block the Vigilante for a night,[27] while the "Thief" or "Prostitute" might be able to disable the powers of any selected target.[28]
Recruitment Roles - "Godfather", "Psychiatrist", "Cult Leader and Followers", etc.
Cult Leaders recruit at night instead of kill; they act as an independent faction, usually with the ability to talk at night. The Mafia Godfather may be able to recruit innocent players into his faction under certain circumstances. The Psychiatrist is an innocent with the ability to convert the Serial Killer into a normal innocent.[29]
Association roles - "Freemasons (Masons)", "Siblings", "Cupid", "Lovers”,etc.
Possessors of these roles know one another and what their roles are.[30] On the innocent's side, a "Mason" usually has no special abilities, but knows the identity of all other Masons and that all Masons are also innocent.[31] Sibling pairs typically consist of one Mafia and one Innocent; if one dies, both die. Cupid chooses a pair of "Lovers" on the first night.[32] In this variant, the Lovers can also win the game (regardless of whether they are Mafia, Innocents, or both) by being the last two standing. In some versions, if one "Lover" is killed the other dies as well.
Power roles - "Mayor", "Judge", "Sheriff", "President", etc.
This role is taken in addition to the assigned role, and it endows the player with additional, overt, powers (particularly during the daytime). Empowerment can be random, but is usually made by vote. For instance, the "Mayor" or "Sheriff" can be elected each morning, and gain two lynching votes, or a Judge could moderate discussion in parliamentary fashion (to the advantage of their "team"). The elected "President" has the sole lynching vote.[33]
Handicapped roles - "Murr", "Village Drunk", etc.
This role is, much as the power roles, taken in addition to the assigned role. However, it has the opposite effect, giving the bearer a handicap, like speaking only gibberish in the case of the Village Drunk, etc.
Mafia Team Variant Roles - "Silencer", "Yakuza", etc.
The "Silencer" can 'silence' anyone each day (except whoever was silenced yesterday). The silenced individual wakes in the morning and is immediately instructed not to talk until the end of the day (They may vote and be executed though). The Silencer does not participate in the mafia killing, and the mafia do not know who their silencer is, but he is typically aligned with them and knows their identities. The Yakuza is a regular mafia player with an extra power: they may sacrifice themselves from the second night (during the night) and choose an innocent to join the mafia team.[34]
Post-mortem roles - "Dark Background", "Priest", "Medium", "Forensic Expert", "M.E.", etc.
The "dark background" roles are standard (mafia or innocent) except for revealing a deceptive alignment when killed. The "M.E." gathers information from the killings that can help the innocents,[35] while the "Priest" learns about the alignment of the dead in the same way that the Detective learns about the living.[36] The Medium can interrogate dead players.[37]
Reanimation roles - ," "Reviver," "Master Reviver, "Governor", "Martyr", "Witch", etc.
Revivers & "Master Revivers" are able to resurrect dead players, Master Revivers can bring the revived into their association (e.g., the Masons: see Association roles). The players resurrected by a Necromancers are converted to the Necromancer's alignment. The "Governor" can reprieve those killed during the daytime,[38] as can the "Martyr"-role if he sacrifices himself.[39]. The Witch has a (single-use) revival potion. At night, she's shown who will die in the morning, and can choose to save them.[40]
Rule-immune Roles - "Bulletproof", "Oracle", etc.
A variant on receiving protection is the "Bulletproof" innocent, who becomes invulnerable to night-time attack.[41] The Oracle has an investigative role similar to a "Seer" but also has the power to talk when inactive (talking in a "sleep" phase is usually a rule infraction).
Special roles - "Baker", "Village Idiot", "Cobbler", etc.
The baker is on the side of the innocents. During the night, the baker chooses one player to be the recipient of a loaf of bread. If the baker dies, the innocents have just three nights to dispose of the mafia, or the innocents starve, and the mafia win. The Cobbler or "Village Idiot" has the objective of convincing the town to kill him, or is required to vote in favor of all proposed lynchings.
Additional variations exist, sometimes with even more specialized or complicated abilities.[42]
[edit] Optional rules
Mafia killing methods - some variants require all Mafia members to choose the same victim independently for a kill to succeed. This can be achieved either by waking the Mafia members up separately,[43] or by having them write their kills. Under this variant, Innocent players write the word 'honest' on a piece of paper; Mafia members write the name of a player for elimination. If all the mafia notes have the same name on them, that player is considered killed by the Mafia. In some online versions of the game, a particular player (the Godfather or a designated mafioso) must send in the kill.
Voting variants - some variants have a more complicated process of selecting players to be executed. Davidoff's original 'Mafia' allowed multiple day-time executions (per day), each needing only a plurality to action. Another variant requires the night-time vote to be secret and unanimous, but allows multiple players to be added to the execution queue to ensure unanimity.
"No lynch" or "No kill" - the Innocents can choose not to kill anybody during the day. Although commonly unsure of Mafia identities, the Innocents are more likely to randomly kill a mafioso than are the Mafia (at night). Therefore, "No kill" may favor the Mafia. (Furthermore, a player's role is generally revealed at death, providing reliable information to the Innocents.) However, when the number of survivors is even, "No Kill" may help the Innocents; for example, when three Innocents and one mafioso remain, "No kill" gives a 1/3 chance of killing the mafioso the next day, rather than a 1/4 chance today (assuming random lynching). Lynching an innocent either day gives a Mafia win (a daytime killing which leaves 2 innocents alive will leave one innocent and one mafioso alive the next morning, usually ruled a win for the Mafia).
Random narrator - to eliminate the inconvenience of being killed first, this variant has the Innocent killed on the first night become the Narrator. The Mafia must inform this victim of their death without revealing themselves. The writing variant works best.
Multiple families - (or a Mafia group and a Werewolf group) act and win independently, giving faster gameplay and the potential for "cross-fire" between the factions.
Imprisonment - allows players to be sent to prison as an alternative to execution. They can either be sent there by vote or at the discretion of an optional character. Imprisoned players move to a separate room, possibly with a separate narrator. Murders can happen in prison and certain roles or events can liberate players.
Kidnapping - like imprisonment, this variant allows for a Kidnapper character to remove individuals from the game temporarily. If the kidnapper is killed (or, in some cases, investigated by an Investigative role), the kidnapped return. While kidnapped, players are inactive, and can not watch night-time events.
Wrath of God - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one or more Innocents, to carry a cost for their death(s). If the Mafia selects said Innocent during the night round, then the mafioso who selected the "protected" player will also die as a result. If, during the day round, any player leads an accusation towards the "protected" player and that player is voted out, then the original accuser shall die as well. ("Wrath of God" in online games often refers to the moderator killing off inactive or disruptive players, not to this rule variation.)[44]
Plague - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one player who dies of plague in the morning. A player who targets the plagued player at night may contract the plague as a result.
Punishment - this variant is generally used as a drinking or risk based game. When a person is killed in the game they are made to take a punishment. In drinking circles this may be a shot of Gin or Vodka.
Lives - this variant requires the Narrator to keep track of the players' lives on a piece of paper, because every player has two or more lives. This extends the game when there are too few players for the standard rules. Kills (in the night & day phases) reduce these lives, until a player reaches zero lives and is eliminated. Mafia 'kills' which reduce lives are usually not announced to the innocents.
Lives with Anemia - this variant is based on Lives but some (randomly chosen) players have a single life.
"The Cult of the Giant Clam" - this variant allows both villagers and the Mafia (or werewolves) to sign a suicide pact. At night, the Narrator says "I call the Cult of the Giant Clam" or something along those lines. Those wishing to join the Cult open their eyes, to see the other cultists, before going back to sleep. Any member of the Cult may say "Clam" at any time, and all who have joined the Cult die. Members of the Cult may call it before deaths are announced: the Narrator says "In the morning everyone wakes up except for-" and a member of the Cult may cut in with "Clam", killing all members.
Attributes - in this variant, players are given two cards: the first contains their role, the second an attribute. Attributes are originally derived from roles that could apply to both Mafia and Innocent alignments: currently including Bulletproof (cannot be killed at night), Mayor (has two votes in the lynch), and Siamese Twins (more commonly know as Siblings or Lovers).[45]
[edit] Online play
This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Although Mafia is usually played face to face, online play is also common. These games last longer, and allow player's votes and words to be reviewed more easily. There are many forms of online play: the film Cry Wolf was promoted through a wolves vs sheep variant, played over AOL Instant Messenger. Online play typically means Internet forum-play, with early games including those in the forum of mathematical puzzle site Grey Labyrinth in 2000.[46] The standard human-moderated games require one or two moderators: a sign up thread is created announcing the game, and once the game has sufficient players, play can begin. It starts in the night phase with mafiosi communicating via email before submitting their kill (to the moderator). The moderator then writes the appropriate death scene for those that were eliminated, and posts a dawn scene. Software can automate the moderator function, but this is rarer. All players can now discuss (in the forum) who they should execute, followed by an execution vote. Innocents are usually forbidden in-game communication outside of the public forum.
Mafia is also played on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) using private messages to send votes and channel modes to allow private communication during the night. The most common room for this is found on EFnet in channel #mafiagame.[citation needed]
Fictional reality themes are common in online play, which will work with any group of well known characters. The Simpsons, Hanna Barbera, The Lord of the Rings have been used, for example, because of their extensive character sets. Players are assigned characters from the theme, with matching roles. Generic themes are also popular - such as the Werewolf-theme.
To overcome a lot of those problems an email version was invented by a group of programmers and players on richard's pbemserver. The end result was written down as a ruleset. Most of the times the Werewolf variant is played, but it has the same rules as Mafia and sometimes both Mafia and Werewolf groups are trying to kill the village. The games take mostly one week and every month 3 games are started and finished.
[edit] External links
The original Mafia ruleset
Hungarian Mensa Society - first Mafia page on the net
The Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton University's page has an extensive list of variations
Werewolf: A Mind Game describes the original 'Werewolf' variant of the game.
Mafia/Werewolf at BoardGameGeek
Grey Labyrinth - the birthplace of online Mafia
MafiaScum - largest dedicated site for online Mafia play; also includes a wiki containing roles and theory
[edit] See also
Assassin (game)
[edit] Notes
^ Andrew Plotkin's Werewolf page History section. quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and "likely over next summer, through student summer camps". He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
^ Arneson, Erik. Board and Card Games Timeline.. About.com also includes Mafia in the "Top 5 Best Voting Games". The reason it is significant is given: Werewolf / Mafia. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. “Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles.”
^ Werewolf A Mind Game. is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. ISBN 18472432X.
^ Davis, Aaron (2006-08-04). School officials still investigating 'Mafia'. Seacoast Media Group. “One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, "My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?"”. The Rockingham News story about investigation into the Mafia games at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School includes Davidoff's response: "I do understand the parents' concern, being a parent myself and having studied child psychology for 25 years. I want to reassure you that the positive message of the game would overcome any possible negative affects of an 'evil narrator.'"
^ Berest, Pavlo (2006-03-08). Intellectuals playing mafia games. “Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov.” The club has its own rules, see: Club "Империя Мафии".
^ The USGamers Werewolf Rules & Gameplay. section describes the way online Werewolf/Mafia games are played on many sites as well as on their own automatic, forum-integrated software.
^ a b For example, the Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf Sorcerer. has the ability to detect the "Seer" role. (The "sorcerer" is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton University's, in which the "Wizard" has the ability to detect the Seer.) Whatever name this role is known by, the "Detective-detector" is typically aligned with the Mafia (for example, see: 9 Player Werewolf "Evil" team (2005).)
^ Mafia (con). Retrieved on 2007-12-20. “Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members”
^ Davidoff, Dimma. Original Mafia Rules. “my reservations of including different knowledge bearing characters (inspector, angel, seer). [is that] The only knowledge in the game is Mafia connections, everything else is artificial.”
^ As of November 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to becomes a "Seer". The Do you worship Cthulhu Deck Setup. specifies that a "Seer" card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Similarly, the Lupus in Tabula "Preparation" calls for the "Seer" card to be dealt to somebody even if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). Getting Started with Ultimate Werewolf Role Selection. advises that even the "introductory game" should include the Seer (with further optional roles being added in addition to the seer in later games). Werewolves of Millers hollow uses the "Fortune Teller" name for the "Detective" but the role is identical to the standard "seer"/"angel"/"detective", and is again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in Are You a Werewolf? - though it is after the werewolves' phase.)
^ For example, The Mafia rules (MIT). are very simple, and specify roles for 7-20 players, always including at least one "Detective". Andrew Plotkin's original Werewolf always includes a "Villager (Seer)", and he mentions that in 1997 "Mafia" was played in the National Puzzlers' League convention with a "Knight Commandant". (The role of the "Knight Commandant" or "Knight" is described in detail as having the standard "Detective" powers in: National Puzzlers' League -- 1997 Convention Reports. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.) Plotkin describes Davidoff's original game (which had no Detective) as "well off the current average". A rare modern rule-set with "No Inspector" is: Engstrøm, Vegard (1999). The Game Player Constellations. but only when starting with five, larger groups get at least one inspector.
^ The Devil role is usually given to a non-Mafioso traitor. See: Variants of Mafia Rules: Devil and Wizard.
^ For example: Ultimate Werewolf Little Girl Card..
^ Name: Naive Cop. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate”
^ For example, "The Oracle" in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they pick the "Master Werewolf" – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager card.
^ Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, but this isn't required; they usually indicate the player to protect in a separate phase of gameplay (a separate part of the night) than the Mafia's killing phase. The "Mafia-Doctor" is a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the opposite power (from the Doctor) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.
^ The protected player gains complete invulnerability during the night they are visited by the "Doctor" or "Bodyguard". The Mafia don't usually know the identity of the protected player, nor get a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected player (e.g., Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.).
^ For example, see the 2+2 rule-set describing the Nurse: Mafia rules.
^ Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter.
^ Do you worship Cthulu Roles and Quick Reference Script. Retrieved on 2007-11-21.. This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the Walrus role-blocker.
^ Variants of Mafia Rules: Rambo. which the old Princeton University guide classifies as an uncommon variant.
^ The Hunter appears in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow, for example. The "Woodcutter" is a (less common) equivalent name for the role.
^ The Godfather role is played differently between variants. If immunity to detection is the Godfather's only power, his leadership of the Mafia need only be nominal: Name: Godfather.
^ A typical Traitor-type role is the "Possessed" Special Character from The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules.
^ The Variants of Mafia Rules Judas/Saulus. role is described as original to Albert Ziegler jr. by the Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton. This role requires that other variations be in play to give alternative explanations for a failed day-time lynching. The name for the mafioso-to-innocent role is usually "Saul".
^ Mafia vs Werewolves.
^ The thief's action usually applies for a single night, as in: Mafia Game: IRC Version.. The thief sometimes has a purely investigative function - being only able to determine the roles from stolen items.Thief.
^ The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer according to the Pub Game rules: Serial Killer.. When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may be "The Psychopath", as in: Name: Pyschiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: Third Party at MafiaScum.net)..
^ For example, Ultimate Werewolf Masons recognize one another from the first night: Mason Card.
^ Princeton's Variants of Mafia Rules Masons.
^ Cupid card. in Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf, for example.
^ Mafia variant: President. described by MafiaSpiel.de, for example.
^ Other than the Yakuza, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the night this power is used. The potential existence of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fear of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they expect the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).[citation needed]
^ Medical Examiner.
^ The Priest alone knows whether the dead were innocent in the World Boardgaming Championships game described by Bruno Wolff in Werewolf rules. Retrieved on 2007-11-19.
^ The Medium function varies, for example see summarized 'Medium-enabled séance' rules from Werewolf at: boredgamegeeks. Retrieved on 2007-11-14., as opposed to the Lupus in Tabula Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (see: Lupus in Tabula (English rules) Special Characters.).
^ The Princeton University "Mafia vs. Werewolves" rules grant the Governor the power to pardon execution victims (in effect, after the lynching) for example: (The Powers (page 2), Governor.. Retrieved on 2007-11-15.).
^ Martyr. Retrieved on 2007-11-16.
^ The "Witch" was introduced as a special character in The Werewolves of Millers Hollow, she also has a single-use killing potion.
^ The "bullet proof" effect typically applies to night-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the Ultimate Werewolf "Amulet of Protection" (bulletproof vest equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles do give permanent protection from "mafia" attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula Werehamster
^ For example see the lengthy variant role list at MafiaWiki The roles..
^ The 'separate waking' method of designating victims is used in the official Mayday. rules, for example. (This is a Soviet Union-themed variant with other expanded rules, released under Creative Commons licensing.)
^ Specific conditions triggering elimination by moderator vary and are usually announced in advance, for example: Early warning thread for Mafia game #2 (2006-04-19).. The game moderator will sometimes threaten "Wrath of God" for disruptions, or inactivity: Wolf (Forum game). “Anyone who fails to vote for three days in a row is subject to the Wrath of God”
^ 7-0-7, Jon Bennett Mafia Advanced Rules. Additional rules created by Jon Bennett, accepted in local Mafia circles.
^ Mafia!! (2008-02-16).
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