2008年3月31日 星期一
Killer in Chinese
昨天十多個同學，有台灣2、新加坡5、日本2、中國2、瑞典1、奧地利1、荷蘭1、法國1、美國1聚在一起吃麻辣和藥膳湯底的燙肉和燙菜，還有白飯和米粉，超熱鬧!
後來玩殺手，還玩英文版的，一開始說故事的人真生動，大家也都很投入。我因為英文聽力有問題，所以常常沒聽清楚就趴下去閉眼睛，大家都傻眼了，哈哈~~
他們稱 mafia，黑手黨的意思。其實真的可以很好玩，大家一定要多多嘗試新規則的變化，我們是玩法官(說故事者)、警察、醫生。
Don't kill me, please....
殺手遊戲
[編輯首段]維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
殺手遊戲又稱殺人遊戲、殺手（Killer）、黑手黨（Mafia），是一種多人遊戲，一般由8到20人組成。殺手遊戲擁有多種角色，規則也有多種模式。
目錄[隱藏]
1 歷史起源
2 基本模式
3 改進模式
3.1 好人方面
3.2 壞人方面
3.3 動態角色
4 遊戲操作
4.1 日出（初始化）階段
4.2 白天階段
4.3 黑夜階段
5 遊戲的設置問題
5.1 遊戲人數
6 其他規則變化
//
[編輯] 歷史起源
殺手遊戲是1986年春天由莫斯科大學心理系的Dimma Davidoff所發明的，開始的玩家在莫斯科大學的教室、寢室等處玩此遊戲。在20世紀90年代，該遊戲開始在蘇聯其他學校流行起來，並跨過國界，傳播到了歐洲（匈牙利、波蘭、英國、挪威等），隨後傳到了美國，如今該遊戲已經遍及世界各地。它被認為是1800年以來五十種最具歷史和文化意義的遊戲之一。[1] 1997年，Andrew Plotkin 改進了該遊戲的規則。[2]
該遊戲傳入中國的具體時間，尚不十分確定。在台灣最晚在1990年代後期已開始流行。
[編輯] 基本模式
玩家中有若干人分別扮演殺手（壞人）和平民（好人），一般要求平民數量至少在殺手數量的兩倍以上。在遊戲的開始平民並不知道任何信息，而殺手相互認識。另有一名法官主持整個遊戲。遊戲在「黑夜」和「白天」交替進行。白天所有玩家進行討論，挖掘出可能的殺手候選，通過投票表決來進行「輿論處決」一人。夜晚由殺手暗殺一人。所有死去玩家都需要亮明身份。如果殺手數量超過平民，則殺手獲勝。如果殺手全部都在白天被處決，則平民獲勝。
[編輯] 改進模式
經過多年的發展，該遊戲增加了很多新的角色和規則以增加其娛樂性和複雜性，並更真實的模擬社會生活。在平民和殺手以外又增加了以下角色：
[編輯] 好人方面
警察或偵探：該角色可以在每次天黑之後向法官詢問一人的身份，由此不斷積累信息用於引導平民找到殺手。或他一開始就知道誰是殺手的配偶。
護士或醫生：該角色可以在每次天黑壞人殺人之後選擇一人搶救，如果正好選中了被殺者則此人可以復活。在另外一種規則中，護士通過打「預防針」來救人。黑夜的時候，在殺手暗殺之前，護士可以選擇給某個角色打「預防針」，則此角色在當夜不會被暗殺死。但是如果護士在後面的夜裡選擇給同一玩家第二次打預防針，但是該萬家又沒有被暗殺的話，其也會因為藥物副作用死去（即可能在一夜死去兩人）。
妓女或男妓：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以選擇和另外一個玩家「睡覺」，從而得知其身份（可以理解為一次性的警察身份）。
市長或狙擊手：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以不由表決強行「處決」另外一個玩家，並向所有人公佈其身份。
[編輯] 壞人方面
黑幫老大：該角色和普通殺手的唯一區別是：其在被警察或者妓女調查的時候，法官會表示此角色為好人。
殺手的配偶：該角色一開始就知道某個固定的殺手的身份，但是在該殺手死前他（她）屬於壞人，死後會自動變成好人。責任是保護殺手，在日間討論時誤導其他人，使其他人不知道誰是真正的殺手。
[編輯] 動態角色
吸血鬼：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是其如果在黑夜被壞人選中殺害的話，其不會死去，但會自動變成壞人的一員（相當於被殺害前向壞人求饒，加入了壞人），成為「吸血鬼復活」。
聖徒：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是在吸血鬼變成真正的壞人的時候，他也會「復活」變成聖徒，在黑夜無論如何也殺不死。
[編輯] 遊戲操作
以複雜模式為例（包含除了殺手配偶以外的所有角色），下面描述一次遊戲的過程，其中法官（主持人）的話為粗體。
[編輯] 日出（初始化）階段
大家首先以抽籤等方式暗中決定每個人的身份，一般使用撲克。所有人圍成一圈，法官站在中間開始主持遊戲。
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
所有玩家閉上眼睛，盡量保持安靜。
法官說：殺手請睜眼；
殺手玩家互相熟悉一下，黑幫老大應作出姿勢向同伴示意自己的身份。（在某些規則中，此刻殺手們可以指出第一個要殺的人）。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。（注意，如果被指的是黑幫老大，法官應表示其為好人）如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼,請妓女（男妓）睜眼, 選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女（男妓）表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女（男妓）閉眼；
法官說：請護士（醫生）睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士（醫生）通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒也復活，其身份自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士（醫生）沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。
[編輯] 白天階段
所有玩家進行討論，挖掘現象，尋找殺手。可以採用輪流發言的形式；
在白天市長可以在任何時刻表明自己的身份強行殺死一人，之後遊戲繼續進行，不進入黑夜。
如果有超過三名玩家懷疑某玩家為壞人，即可將此人加入表決候選。當沒有更多人提出候選人的時候，開始表決。
如果只有一名候選人，投票分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，如果贊成的人數超過反對的人數，此人即被殺死，應該公開身份。或者，如果時間充分，可以規定有半數以上贊成方可殺死。
如果有超過一名候選人，投票同樣分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，得票數多者被殺死（也可規定要超過半數）激活的聖徒也可以在表決中被殺死。
被表決死的人好人可以留下遺言。之後即退出遊戲。
當一個人被表決死後。法官判斷是否好人數量已經低於壞人，如果是則宣佈遊戲結束，壞人勝利。如果壞人已經全部被殺，則遊戲也結束，宣佈好人勝利。否則，遊戲進入黑夜階段。
[編輯] 黑夜階段
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
法官說：殺手請睜眼，請暗殺一個人；
殺手玩家用姿勢和眼神商量暗殺對象，由法官確認。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼，請指出你要調查的人；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認身份，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼；
如果此時妓女玩家還活著，並還沒有使用她的睡覺機會，法官說：請妓女選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女閉眼；
如果此時護士還活著，法官說：請護士睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒身份的玩家自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，或者殺到的人不是復活的聖徒，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。反之，法官宣佈：這晚沒有人被殺。
遊戲在白天階段繼續。
[編輯] 遊戲的設置問題
[編輯] 遊戲人數
一般要求好人人數(x)在壞人人數(y)的兩倍左右，假設每次白天都表決處理一人，夜晚暗殺一人，這樣好人可以容忍((x-y)/2)-1次表決錯誤。有特殊角色（警察、黑幫老大等等）參與的時候，一般特殊角色各一人。
[編輯] 其他規則變化
黑暗社會模式：在此規則中警察可以在遊戲的一開始就知道所有殺手的身份。好人一方獲得這個好處的代價就是所有表決或者暗殺死亡的人均不透露身份。這種模式下壞人一方可以通過預先設計好的「內鬥」來自相殘殺最後讓某個同伴保持到最後，產生更多的局面變化。
眼神殺手遊戲：這種模式一樣有殺手、平民和警察三種角色，遊戲開始時，不需閉眼，大家必須不斷觀察所有人的眼神，當兩人目光接觸時，殺手可利用挑眉或眨眼的動作來殺死平民，但警察則不會被殺死。平民被殺死後必須自己承認，但不能暗示他人殺手是誰。最後當指定的人數被殺死後，由警察來猜出殺手是誰。
完全保密模式，不設法官，亦沒有白天和黑夜之分，只有玩家自己知道自己的身份，殺手以按身邊玩家的手的次數決定殺誰，被按手的玩家又再按下一人的手，每傳到一個玩家就減一下，已死亡的玩家則不需減少按手次數，直至只剩最後一下時就代表該玩家被殺，被殺者需翻開代表自己身份的撲克牌，任何玩家均可以隨時猜測誰是殺手，全部殺手被處決或死亡時即遊戲結束的時候。這個模式的壞處是當人太多時，傳遞會做成混亂，而且有機會有玩家耍賴，被殺了卻裝成沒事。
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%80%E6%89%8B%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F&variant=zh-tw"
後來玩殺手，還玩英文版的，一開始說故事的人真生動，大家也都很投入。我因為英文聽力有問題，所以常常沒聽清楚就趴下去閉眼睛，大家都傻眼了，哈哈~~
他們稱 mafia，黑手黨的意思。其實真的可以很好玩，大家一定要多多嘗試新規則的變化，我們是玩法官(說故事者)、警察、醫生。
Don't kill me, please....
殺手遊戲
[編輯首段]維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
殺手遊戲又稱殺人遊戲、殺手（Killer）、黑手黨（Mafia），是一種多人遊戲，一般由8到20人組成。殺手遊戲擁有多種角色，規則也有多種模式。
目錄[隱藏]
1 歷史起源
2 基本模式
3 改進模式
3.1 好人方面
3.2 壞人方面
3.3 動態角色
4 遊戲操作
4.1 日出（初始化）階段
4.2 白天階段
4.3 黑夜階段
5 遊戲的設置問題
5.1 遊戲人數
6 其他規則變化
//
[編輯] 歷史起源
殺手遊戲是1986年春天由莫斯科大學心理系的Dimma Davidoff所發明的，開始的玩家在莫斯科大學的教室、寢室等處玩此遊戲。在20世紀90年代，該遊戲開始在蘇聯其他學校流行起來，並跨過國界，傳播到了歐洲（匈牙利、波蘭、英國、挪威等），隨後傳到了美國，如今該遊戲已經遍及世界各地。它被認為是1800年以來五十種最具歷史和文化意義的遊戲之一。[1] 1997年，Andrew Plotkin 改進了該遊戲的規則。[2]
該遊戲傳入中國的具體時間，尚不十分確定。在台灣最晚在1990年代後期已開始流行。
[編輯] 基本模式
玩家中有若干人分別扮演殺手（壞人）和平民（好人），一般要求平民數量至少在殺手數量的兩倍以上。在遊戲的開始平民並不知道任何信息，而殺手相互認識。另有一名法官主持整個遊戲。遊戲在「黑夜」和「白天」交替進行。白天所有玩家進行討論，挖掘出可能的殺手候選，通過投票表決來進行「輿論處決」一人。夜晚由殺手暗殺一人。所有死去玩家都需要亮明身份。如果殺手數量超過平民，則殺手獲勝。如果殺手全部都在白天被處決，則平民獲勝。
[編輯] 改進模式
經過多年的發展，該遊戲增加了很多新的角色和規則以增加其娛樂性和複雜性，並更真實的模擬社會生活。在平民和殺手以外又增加了以下角色：
[編輯] 好人方面
警察或偵探：該角色可以在每次天黑之後向法官詢問一人的身份，由此不斷積累信息用於引導平民找到殺手。或他一開始就知道誰是殺手的配偶。
護士或醫生：該角色可以在每次天黑壞人殺人之後選擇一人搶救，如果正好選中了被殺者則此人可以復活。在另外一種規則中，護士通過打「預防針」來救人。黑夜的時候，在殺手暗殺之前，護士可以選擇給某個角色打「預防針」，則此角色在當夜不會被暗殺死。但是如果護士在後面的夜裡選擇給同一玩家第二次打預防針，但是該萬家又沒有被暗殺的話，其也會因為藥物副作用死去（即可能在一夜死去兩人）。
妓女或男妓：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以選擇和另外一個玩家「睡覺」，從而得知其身份（可以理解為一次性的警察身份）。
市長或狙擊手：該角色在遊戲中有一次機會可以不由表決強行「處決」另外一個玩家，並向所有人公佈其身份。
[編輯] 壞人方面
黑幫老大：該角色和普通殺手的唯一區別是：其在被警察或者妓女調查的時候，法官會表示此角色為好人。
殺手的配偶：該角色一開始就知道某個固定的殺手的身份，但是在該殺手死前他（她）屬於壞人，死後會自動變成好人。責任是保護殺手，在日間討論時誤導其他人，使其他人不知道誰是真正的殺手。
[編輯] 動態角色
吸血鬼：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是其如果在黑夜被壞人選中殺害的話，其不會死去，但會自動變成壞人的一員（相當於被殺害前向壞人求饒，加入了壞人），成為「吸血鬼復活」。
聖徒：該角色在遊戲開始的時候和普通平民無異，但是在吸血鬼變成真正的壞人的時候，他也會「復活」變成聖徒，在黑夜無論如何也殺不死。
[編輯] 遊戲操作
以複雜模式為例（包含除了殺手配偶以外的所有角色），下面描述一次遊戲的過程，其中法官（主持人）的話為粗體。
[編輯] 日出（初始化）階段
大家首先以抽籤等方式暗中決定每個人的身份，一般使用撲克。所有人圍成一圈，法官站在中間開始主持遊戲。
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
所有玩家閉上眼睛，盡量保持安靜。
法官說：殺手請睜眼；
殺手玩家互相熟悉一下，黑幫老大應作出姿勢向同伴示意自己的身份。（在某些規則中，此刻殺手們可以指出第一個要殺的人）。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。（注意，如果被指的是黑幫老大，法官應表示其為好人）如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼,請妓女（男妓）睜眼, 選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女（男妓）表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女（男妓）閉眼；
法官說：請護士（醫生）睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士（醫生）通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒也復活，其身份自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士（醫生）沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。
[編輯] 白天階段
所有玩家進行討論，挖掘現象，尋找殺手。可以採用輪流發言的形式；
在白天市長可以在任何時刻表明自己的身份強行殺死一人，之後遊戲繼續進行，不進入黑夜。
如果有超過三名玩家懷疑某玩家為壞人，即可將此人加入表決候選。當沒有更多人提出候選人的時候，開始表決。
如果只有一名候選人，投票分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，如果贊成的人數超過反對的人數，此人即被殺死，應該公開身份。或者，如果時間充分，可以規定有半數以上贊成方可殺死。
如果有超過一名候選人，投票同樣分為贊成、反對、棄權三種，得票數多者被殺死（也可規定要超過半數）激活的聖徒也可以在表決中被殺死。
被表決死的人好人可以留下遺言。之後即退出遊戲。
當一個人被表決死後。法官判斷是否好人數量已經低於壞人，如果是則宣佈遊戲結束，壞人勝利。如果壞人已經全部被殺，則遊戲也結束，宣佈好人勝利。否則，遊戲進入黑夜階段。
[編輯] 黑夜階段
法官說：天黑了，所有人請閉眼；
法官說：殺手請睜眼，請暗殺一個人；
殺手玩家用姿勢和眼神商量暗殺對象，由法官確認。
法官說：殺手閉眼，警察睜眼，請指出你要調查的人；
警察可以指出一人向法官確認身份，法官點頭表示該人為殺手，搖頭表示該人為平民。如果有多名警察，則重複此步驟。
法官說：警察閉眼；
如果此時妓女玩家還活著，並還沒有使用她的睡覺機會，法官說：請妓女選擇是否要睡覺。
如果妓女表示是，則由妓女指示一人，法官告知其身份。
法官說：妓女閉眼；
如果此時護士還活著，法官說：請護士睜眼，選擇要搶救的人。
護士通過姿勢指出要搶救的人，由法官確認。
法官說：所有人睜眼；
如果被暗殺的人正好是沒有轉化的吸血鬼，法官宣佈：吸血鬼復活了。同時，聖徒身份的玩家自動變成不可被暗殺狀態。
如果護士沒有正好搶救到被暗殺的人，或者殺到的人不是復活的聖徒，法官則宣佈：某某被暗殺了，並公開其正確身份。此人直到遊戲結束不能再說任何話。反之，法官宣佈：這晚沒有人被殺。
遊戲在白天階段繼續。
[編輯] 遊戲的設置問題
[編輯] 遊戲人數
一般要求好人人數(x)在壞人人數(y)的兩倍左右，假設每次白天都表決處理一人，夜晚暗殺一人，這樣好人可以容忍((x-y)/2)-1次表決錯誤。有特殊角色（警察、黑幫老大等等）參與的時候，一般特殊角色各一人。
[編輯] 其他規則變化
黑暗社會模式：在此規則中警察可以在遊戲的一開始就知道所有殺手的身份。好人一方獲得這個好處的代價就是所有表決或者暗殺死亡的人均不透露身份。這種模式下壞人一方可以通過預先設計好的「內鬥」來自相殘殺最後讓某個同伴保持到最後，產生更多的局面變化。
眼神殺手遊戲：這種模式一樣有殺手、平民和警察三種角色，遊戲開始時，不需閉眼，大家必須不斷觀察所有人的眼神，當兩人目光接觸時，殺手可利用挑眉或眨眼的動作來殺死平民，但警察則不會被殺死。平民被殺死後必須自己承認，但不能暗示他人殺手是誰。最後當指定的人數被殺死後，由警察來猜出殺手是誰。
完全保密模式，不設法官，亦沒有白天和黑夜之分，只有玩家自己知道自己的身份，殺手以按身邊玩家的手的次數決定殺誰，被按手的玩家又再按下一人的手，每傳到一個玩家就減一下，已死亡的玩家則不需減少按手次數，直至只剩最後一下時就代表該玩家被殺，被殺者需翻開代表自己身份的撲克牌，任何玩家均可以隨時猜測誰是殺手，全部殺手被處決或死亡時即遊戲結束的時候。這個模式的壞處是當人太多時，傳遞會做成混亂，而且有機會有玩家耍賴，被殺了卻裝成沒事。
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%80%E6%89%8B%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F&variant=zh-tw"
Killer in English
Mafia (game)
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This article is about the party game. For the video game, see Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven. For other uses, see Mafia (disambiguation).
Mafia (game)
A game of Mafia being played at EuroOSCON 2006
Players
4 or more1
Age range
9 and up
Skills required
Strategic thoughtTeam playSocial skillsRoleplay
1See Basic gameplay below.2Varies greatly with setting; see online play.
Mafia (also known as Werewolf) is a party game modeling a battle between an informed minority and an uninformed majority. Players are secretly assigned roles: either "mafia", who know each other; or "innocents", who know only the number of mafia amongst them. During the night phase of the game, the Mafia choose an innocent to kill. During the day phase, all players debate the identities of the Mafia and vote to kill someone whom the majority suspect. Players are eliminated until only innocents or mafia remain; the surviving side wins. Mafia is rarely played in groups of fewer than five, and must always start with more innocents than mafia.
Contents[hide]
1 History
2 Basic gameplay
2.1 Roles
2.2 Night
2.3 Day
2.4 Phase duration
2.5 Win condition
2.6 Number of Mafia
3 Variations
3.1 Optional roles
3.2 Optional rules
4 Online play
5 External links
6 See also
7 Notes
//
[edit] History
Mafia was created in the spring of 1986 by Dimma Davidoff at the Psychological Department of Moscow State University , and the first players were playing in classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow University.[1] The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in Europe (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, England, Norway) and then the United States. Mafia is considered to be one of "the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800" by about.com.[2]
Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a Werewolf theme in 1997[3] - Looney Labs have sold a derivative as Are You a Werewolf?, as have Asmodée Éditions under the title Werewolves of Millers Hollow, Mayfair Games as Lupus in Tabula (Latin for Werewolves at the Table), and Béziers games as Ultimate Werewolf.
David and Jon Huston created the first licensed version in the theme of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos called Do You Worship Cthulhu, published by Toy Vault, Inc. The main card art was completed by Ron Spencer and Walt Howington designed the Instruction graphics.
A variation of Mafia was used to promote the film Cry_Wolf (2005), having one wolf, one shepherd, and a number of sheep, with no day and night phases.
Adam Gopnik devotes a chapter to describing the game in Through the Children's Gate.[4]
In June 2006, a Rockingham school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their fifth-grade children.[5]
Ernest Fedorov runs a "Mafia Club" in Kyiv, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes, with the victor of the tournament grand final winning a trip to Sicily.[6]
[edit] Basic gameplay
Players make themselves comfortable in a space such that every player can see every other player.
[edit] Roles
Roles are assigned by a method which is both confidential and verifiable, often by dealing cards; a red or black card signifies the role as either:
Mafia (alternatively,Scum, Werewolves, Worshippers, or Thieves)
Innocents (alternatively, Villagers, Townspeople, Townsfolk, Civilians, or Citizens).
Other roles are possible (see Variants).
Generally, game play also requires a Narrator (alternatively, Dealer, Don, God, Host, Moderator, Proctor, or Storyteller), a person not playing, but moderating the game. The Narrator knows the roles of each player and effectively narrates game play.
[edit] Night
The Narrator tells everyone to close their eyes and lower their heads ("It is now nighttime and all the villagers are asleep...") This can optionally be accompanied by all players tapping gently to mask any giveaway sounds of player movement. On the first night, the Narrator tells the Mafia to open their eyes and acknowledge their fellow Mafia members. Variations at this point:
The Mafia may have a chance to kill off one of the Innocents by show of hands. (On the first night, the Mafia may "kill" the Narrator so that every Innocent gets a chance to participate in at least one execution decision. The Narrator then says in the Morning that he was killed and game play continues as usual.)
Optionally, Mafia members must secretly communicate during the daytime and then unanimously agree to kill someone during the nighttime without opening their eyes to communicate (such as by having the narrator call out the names of each player, with Mafia players raising a hand to signify a kill).
In large groups, each Mafia member can kill one person per night.
In large groups, a Master Mafia member (Master Werewolf) has the ability to induct innocents into the Mafia (or infect villagers into werewolves).
Other variant characters may have turns to open their eyes to do "business" during the night (before or after the Mafia).
[edit] Day
The Narrator tells everyone to wake up and announces the Mafia's victim. Usually this involves the Narrator telling a story about the murder scene that the remaining players wake up to, and/or a story of how the victim was killed. For example, "The police chief said, 'Bob was shot seven times, stabbed three times, and drowned in the river. This is the worst case of suicide I've ever seen.'" This player is "dead" and may no longer participate in the game in any way, and is thus permitted to keep their eyes open at night.
Depending on the variant, The Narrator may reveal the identity of dead players, dead players may reveal themselves by flipping their cards face up (most common version), or the alignment of the dead may remain hidden. Typically, prematurely revealing one's identity by flipping one's card face up while still alive is considered suicide; in single-execution-per-day variants, this may count as the execution for that day.
During the daytime phase, the players deliberate over which suspected Mafia member they wish to nominate for execution. The Innocents want to execute a Mafia member but all players are allowed to vote. Generally, The Narrator will administer the election, the nominee may be given a chance to defend themselves and a majority is required for the execution to be carried out, although voting variants abound. The same rules apply to players who are executed as to players killed by the Mafia. In some variants, multiple players may be killed during the same day. Usually, each player must vote, can only vote once and cannot vote for themselves.
[edit] Phase duration
Daytime and nighttime can move quickly in live play, as daily executions and nightly decisions are communicated in real time. Daytime phases usually require a majority to be reached in order for a lynch (execution) to occur and effectively end the round. A set time limit may also be applied to this condition. At night, the evil factions have more information, and less to deliberate. Because of that, night is considerably shorter than day.
When playing online, more time is needed to reach decisions. Players aren't usually available in unison, so forum-based phases tend to last longer than live phases. Online "turbos" replicate live games in requiring all players' continuous participation; the day phase is typically 20 or 25 minutes long and the night phase is usually 5 minutes long. In long online games, days usually run from 9am to 9pm and nights from 9pm to 9am.[7]
[edit] Win condition
The game ends either when the last Mafia member is killed (Innocent victory) or the Mafia members equal or outnumber the Innocents during the day (Mafia victory). The innocents have no way of voting off mafia members at this point, but the mafia can still kill each night. Other variants have different victory conditions.
[edit] Number of Mafia
A game with just one more innocent player than Mafia players during the day phase will be won by the innocents if they always kill mafiosi (otherwise, they lose). A game starting with a night kill must begin with at least two more innocents than mafiosi to permit an innocent victory.
The optimal number of each type of character depends on players' preferences for game length and Mafia win percentage. A good rule of thumb is about one mafia for every two non-mafia members. So one mafia member for under five players, two mafia for five to seven players, three mafia for eight to ten players, and so on. For greater than sixteen players, games usually last too long and the dead become restless. It can add excitement to conceal how many mafia are playing (narration: "either two or three mafiosi are amongst you").
Generally, fewer players result in fewer turns and thus less time to determine the identity of the mafia. The inclusion of "variant" characters typically decreases the Mafia's chance of victory. For example, the addition of a Sheriff or Doctor will decrease the expected Mafia win percentage.
Allowing the Townspeople to abstain from killing on certain turns can decrease or increase the Mafia win percentage as can variants which make it more difficult for the Mafia to achieve a kill (e.g., requiring them to agree on a victim independently). The "no kill" variant compensates to some extent for the disadvantage given to odd numbers of Townspeople. Otherwise, 2n+1 Innocents are less likely to win than 2n Innocents (for n>2) because they have decreased their odds of voting for a Mafia each turn without increasing their number of turns (resulting in ties rather than Mafia majorities).
[edit] Variations
This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Over the years, players have created Mafia variants which utilize alternative names for characters, additional characters, and different methods for conducting deliberation, voting and killing.
[edit] Optional roles
These additional roles are named differently in the many versions of Mafia, for thematic flavor, or historical reasons. Also, the same role-name can have differing functions across different versions of the game.[8]. What follows is a general list of role types found in Mafia variants; since the specific names vary by milieu it must be non-exhaustive.
Investigative roles (Standard) - "Detective", "Policeman", "Seer", "Fortune Teller", "Angel", "Sheriff",[9] "Commandant", "Knight Commandant", "Cop", "Inspector", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Detective" can detect the alignment of other players at night. They will typically "wake up", and point at one person, whereupon the Narrator will silently answer with nods or gestures if that person is "Mafia". Although this role is theoretically optional (and was explicitly excluded by Davidoff)[10] a "Detective" is usually included in modern games. For example, somebody is always assigned this role in all commercial card game versions,[11] and almost all internet-based, and most face-to-face games start with at least one detective.[12]
Investigative roles (Less common) - "Super Commandant", "Spy", "Psychic", "Sorcerer", "Wizard", "Psychologist", "Cattani", "Devil", "Tracker", "Prophet", "Little Girl", "Oracle", etc.
The "Super Commandant" has the standard power of a "Detective", while also protecting the investigated from night-time attack. "Psychic", "Psychologist", or "Sorceror"-type investigators can determine other players' roles, rather than their alignments.[8] A "Tracker" may see what someone's night action was, or the target of their action. The Devil is the Detective's Mafia counterpart, with the night-time ability to identify empowered Innocents.[13] The "Little Girl" in Werewolf is allowed to secretly peek and watch as the werewolves choose their victim.[14] Information revealed to investigators is fallible (in more complicated variants). Online versions can give information with a confidence level, and in other variants the Narrator deceives the Detective by showing all players as Innocent, all as Guilty, giving reversed results, or random information (these can be termed as "Naïve",[15] "Paranoid", "Insane", or "Random" respectively). Additionally, some Alignment roles give immunity to successful investigation.[16]
Protective roles - "Guardian Angel", "Doctor", "Healer", "Archangel", "Bodyguard", "Sorcerer", "Doctor Mario", "Protector", "Highlander", "Nurse", "Herbalist", "Firefighter", "Girl/Boy Scout", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Doctor"-type role defends others at night.[17] Typically, they will "awaken" at night after the "Mafia" have "gone back to sleep" and point at one person to protect; that person will survive any night-time attack.[18] Sometimes they are allowed to protect themselves, sometimes only once. (A "Guardian Angel" has the doctor's powers without the ability to self-protect.) The "Nurse" gains the Doctor's abilities if the Doctor dies.[19]. The Firefighter,[20] or the Herbalist can protect from some night-time attacks but not others. (In Werewolf, for example, they choose one person to protect with wolfsbane, but that person may still be killed by the Serial Killer.)
Killing roles - "Vigilante", "Rambo", "Crazy Veteran", "Bomb", "Terrorist", "Gravedigger", "Hunter", "Village Bicycle", "Human Torch", "Woodcutter", etc.
Aside from Mafia, Werewolves, and Serial Killers (solitary guilty parties), the Innocents may have some roles with the ability to kill at night. The Vigilante is an "innocent" who kills every night, in his own night-time phase,[21] in some variations, having a limited "bullet" supply for the entire game. The Bomb/Crazy Vet may only trigger if targeted at night (not necessarily for death) by another role. Variants exist where this person can kill during the daytime cycle (e.g., the Terrorist / Gravedigger), sometimes only if executed during the daytime (e.g., the Hunter / Village Bicycle). One killer can have the ability to kill several other people at once. For example, Rambo can kill three adjacent victims.[22] And, if killed in the night, the Human Torch can kill the two surviving players closest to them in the morning. The "Woodcutter" or "Hunter" can take one other person with them when they die.[23]
Alignment roles - "Miller", "Godfather", "Alpha Wolf", "Master Werewolf", etc.
Some roles can fool investigations to determine their alignments: the Miller is an Innocent who appears guilty (usually because they are an outsider); the Godfather, on the other hand, appears innocent despite being the Mafia leader.[24] The "Alpha Wolf" or "Master Werewolf" have the same role as the Godfather in Werewolf settings.
Double-agent roles - "Godfather", "Traitor", "Possessed", "Undercover Cop", "Rat", "Judas", etc.
There is an alternative definition of "Godfather" role from the Alignment role Godfather (who is immune to alignment-detection). This "Godfather" behaves as a standard mafioso, but wakes again (after the Mafia sleep) for an extra kill. This Godfather-role wins only if he survives. The Traitor is not a mafioso, but works with their vote during the day cycle to protect Mafia and hamper the town (he wins only with a Mafia victory).[25] Conversely, "The Rat" or "Undercover Cop" is a mole within the Mafia group (winning with the innocents). Judas is an innocent who converts into a "Traitor" (and survives) when lynched (or vice versa, becoming a "Rat").[26]
Role manipulators - "Role-blocker", "Walrus", "Prostitute", "National Guardsman", "Switcher", "Bus Driver", "Thief", "Barman", etc.
These roles can stop or alter the night actions of others; for instance, they may prevent a protection or investigation from occurring, or they may change the target. The "Walrus" can block the Vigilante for a night,[27] while the "Thief" or "Prostitute" might be able to disable the powers of any selected target.[28]
Recruitment Roles - "Godfather", "Psychiatrist", "Cult Leader and Followers", etc.
Cult Leaders recruit at night instead of kill; they act as an independent faction, usually with the ability to talk at night. The Mafia Godfather may be able to recruit innocent players into his faction under certain circumstances. The Psychiatrist is an innocent with the ability to convert the Serial Killer into a normal innocent.[29]
Association roles - "Freemasons (Masons)", "Siblings", "Cupid", "Lovers”,etc.
Possessors of these roles know one another and what their roles are.[30] On the innocent's side, a "Mason" usually has no special abilities, but knows the identity of all other Masons and that all Masons are also innocent.[31] Sibling pairs typically consist of one Mafia and one Innocent; if one dies, both die. Cupid chooses a pair of "Lovers" on the first night.[32] In this variant, the Lovers can also win the game (regardless of whether they are Mafia, Innocents, or both) by being the last two standing. In some versions, if one "Lover" is killed the other dies as well.
Power roles - "Mayor", "Judge", "Sheriff", "President", etc.
This role is taken in addition to the assigned role, and it endows the player with additional, overt, powers (particularly during the daytime). Empowerment can be random, but is usually made by vote. For instance, the "Mayor" or "Sheriff" can be elected each morning, and gain two lynching votes, or a Judge could moderate discussion in parliamentary fashion (to the advantage of their "team"). The elected "President" has the sole lynching vote.[33]
Handicapped roles - "Murr", "Village Drunk", etc.
This role is, much as the power roles, taken in addition to the assigned role. However, it has the opposite effect, giving the bearer a handicap, like speaking only gibberish in the case of the Village Drunk, etc.
Mafia Team Variant Roles - "Silencer", "Yakuza", etc.
The "Silencer" can 'silence' anyone each day (except whoever was silenced yesterday). The silenced individual wakes in the morning and is immediately instructed not to talk until the end of the day (They may vote and be executed though). The Silencer does not participate in the mafia killing, and the mafia do not know who their silencer is, but he is typically aligned with them and knows their identities. The Yakuza is a regular mafia player with an extra power: they may sacrifice themselves from the second night (during the night) and choose an innocent to join the mafia team.[34]
Post-mortem roles - "Dark Background", "Priest", "Medium", "Forensic Expert", "M.E.", etc.
The "dark background" roles are standard (mafia or innocent) except for revealing a deceptive alignment when killed. The "M.E." gathers information from the killings that can help the innocents,[35] while the "Priest" learns about the alignment of the dead in the same way that the Detective learns about the living.[36] The Medium can interrogate dead players.[37]
Reanimation roles - ," "Reviver," "Master Reviver, "Governor", "Martyr", "Witch", etc.
Revivers & "Master Revivers" are able to resurrect dead players, Master Revivers can bring the revived into their association (e.g., the Masons: see Association roles). The players resurrected by a Necromancers are converted to the Necromancer's alignment. The "Governor" can reprieve those killed during the daytime,[38] as can the "Martyr"-role if he sacrifices himself.[39]. The Witch has a (single-use) revival potion. At night, she's shown who will die in the morning, and can choose to save them.[40]
Rule-immune Roles - "Bulletproof", "Oracle", etc.
A variant on receiving protection is the "Bulletproof" innocent, who becomes invulnerable to night-time attack.[41] The Oracle has an investigative role similar to a "Seer" but also has the power to talk when inactive (talking in a "sleep" phase is usually a rule infraction).
Special roles - "Baker", "Village Idiot", "Cobbler", etc.
The baker is on the side of the innocents. During the night, the baker chooses one player to be the recipient of a loaf of bread. If the baker dies, the innocents have just three nights to dispose of the mafia, or the innocents starve, and the mafia win. The Cobbler or "Village Idiot" has the objective of convincing the town to kill him, or is required to vote in favor of all proposed lynchings.
Additional variations exist, sometimes with even more specialized or complicated abilities.[42]
[edit] Optional rules
Mafia killing methods - some variants require all Mafia members to choose the same victim independently for a kill to succeed. This can be achieved either by waking the Mafia members up separately,[43] or by having them write their kills. Under this variant, Innocent players write the word 'honest' on a piece of paper; Mafia members write the name of a player for elimination. If all the mafia notes have the same name on them, that player is considered killed by the Mafia. In some online versions of the game, a particular player (the Godfather or a designated mafioso) must send in the kill.
Voting variants - some variants have a more complicated process of selecting players to be executed. Davidoff's original 'Mafia' allowed multiple day-time executions (per day), each needing only a plurality to action. Another variant requires the night-time vote to be secret and unanimous, but allows multiple players to be added to the execution queue to ensure unanimity.
"No lynch" or "No kill" - the Innocents can choose not to kill anybody during the day. Although commonly unsure of Mafia identities, the Innocents are more likely to randomly kill a mafioso than are the Mafia (at night). Therefore, "No kill" may favor the Mafia. (Furthermore, a player's role is generally revealed at death, providing reliable information to the Innocents.) However, when the number of survivors is even, "No Kill" may help the Innocents; for example, when three Innocents and one mafioso remain, "No kill" gives a 1/3 chance of killing the mafioso the next day, rather than a 1/4 chance today (assuming random lynching). Lynching an innocent either day gives a Mafia win (a daytime killing which leaves 2 innocents alive will leave one innocent and one mafioso alive the next morning, usually ruled a win for the Mafia).
Random narrator - to eliminate the inconvenience of being killed first, this variant has the Innocent killed on the first night become the Narrator. The Mafia must inform this victim of their death without revealing themselves. The writing variant works best.
Multiple families - (or a Mafia group and a Werewolf group) act and win independently, giving faster gameplay and the potential for "cross-fire" between the factions.
Imprisonment - allows players to be sent to prison as an alternative to execution. They can either be sent there by vote or at the discretion of an optional character. Imprisoned players move to a separate room, possibly with a separate narrator. Murders can happen in prison and certain roles or events can liberate players.
Kidnapping - like imprisonment, this variant allows for a Kidnapper character to remove individuals from the game temporarily. If the kidnapper is killed (or, in some cases, investigated by an Investigative role), the kidnapped return. While kidnapped, players are inactive, and can not watch night-time events.
Wrath of God - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one or more Innocents, to carry a cost for their death(s). If the Mafia selects said Innocent during the night round, then the mafioso who selected the "protected" player will also die as a result. If, during the day round, any player leads an accusation towards the "protected" player and that player is voted out, then the original accuser shall die as well. ("Wrath of God" in online games often refers to the moderator killing off inactive or disruptive players, not to this rule variation.)[44]
Plague - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one player who dies of plague in the morning. A player who targets the plagued player at night may contract the plague as a result.
Punishment - this variant is generally used as a drinking or risk based game. When a person is killed in the game they are made to take a punishment. In drinking circles this may be a shot of Gin or Vodka.
Lives - this variant requires the Narrator to keep track of the players' lives on a piece of paper, because every player has two or more lives. This extends the game when there are too few players for the standard rules. Kills (in the night & day phases) reduce these lives, until a player reaches zero lives and is eliminated. Mafia 'kills' which reduce lives are usually not announced to the innocents.
Lives with Anemia - this variant is based on Lives but some (randomly chosen) players have a single life.
"The Cult of the Giant Clam" - this variant allows both villagers and the Mafia (or werewolves) to sign a suicide pact. At night, the Narrator says "I call the Cult of the Giant Clam" or something along those lines. Those wishing to join the Cult open their eyes, to see the other cultists, before going back to sleep. Any member of the Cult may say "Clam" at any time, and all who have joined the Cult die. Members of the Cult may call it before deaths are announced: the Narrator says "In the morning everyone wakes up except for-" and a member of the Cult may cut in with "Clam", killing all members.
Attributes - in this variant, players are given two cards: the first contains their role, the second an attribute. Attributes are originally derived from roles that could apply to both Mafia and Innocent alignments: currently including Bulletproof (cannot be killed at night), Mayor (has two votes in the lynch), and Siamese Twins (more commonly know as Siblings or Lovers).[45]
[edit] Online play
This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Although Mafia is usually played face to face, online play is also common. These games last longer, and allow player's votes and words to be reviewed more easily. There are many forms of online play: the film Cry Wolf was promoted through a wolves vs sheep variant, played over AOL Instant Messenger. Online play typically means Internet forum-play, with early games including those in the forum of mathematical puzzle site Grey Labyrinth in 2000.[46] The standard human-moderated games require one or two moderators: a sign up thread is created announcing the game, and once the game has sufficient players, play can begin. It starts in the night phase with mafiosi communicating via email before submitting their kill (to the moderator). The moderator then writes the appropriate death scene for those that were eliminated, and posts a dawn scene. Software can automate the moderator function, but this is rarer. All players can now discuss (in the forum) who they should execute, followed by an execution vote. Innocents are usually forbidden in-game communication outside of the public forum.
Mafia is also played on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) using private messages to send votes and channel modes to allow private communication during the night. The most common room for this is found on EFnet in channel #mafiagame.[citation needed]
Fictional reality themes are common in online play, which will work with any group of well known characters. The Simpsons, Hanna Barbera, The Lord of the Rings have been used, for example, because of their extensive character sets. Players are assigned characters from the theme, with matching roles. Generic themes are also popular - such as the Werewolf-theme.
To overcome a lot of those problems an email version was invented by a group of programmers and players on richard's pbemserver. The end result was written down as a ruleset. Most of the times the Werewolf variant is played, but it has the same rules as Mafia and sometimes both Mafia and Werewolf groups are trying to kill the village. The games take mostly one week and every month 3 games are started and finished.
[edit] External links
The original Mafia ruleset
Hungarian Mensa Society - first Mafia page on the net
The Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton University's page has an extensive list of variations
Werewolf: A Mind Game describes the original 'Werewolf' variant of the game.
Mafia/Werewolf at BoardGameGeek
Grey Labyrinth - the birthplace of online Mafia
MafiaScum - largest dedicated site for online Mafia play; also includes a wiki containing roles and theory
[edit] See also
Assassin (game)
[edit] Notes
^ Andrew Plotkin's Werewolf page History section. quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and "likely over next summer, through student summer camps". He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
^ Arneson, Erik. Board and Card Games Timeline.. About.com also includes Mafia in the "Top 5 Best Voting Games". The reason it is significant is given: Werewolf / Mafia. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. “Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles.”
^ Werewolf A Mind Game. is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. ISBN 18472432X.
^ Davis, Aaron (2006-08-04). School officials still investigating 'Mafia'. Seacoast Media Group. “One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, "My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?"”. The Rockingham News story about investigation into the Mafia games at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School includes Davidoff's response: "I do understand the parents' concern, being a parent myself and having studied child psychology for 25 years. I want to reassure you that the positive message of the game would overcome any possible negative affects of an 'evil narrator.'"
^ Berest, Pavlo (2006-03-08). Intellectuals playing mafia games. “Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov.” The club has its own rules, see: Club "Империя Мафии".
^ The USGamers Werewolf Rules & Gameplay. section describes the way online Werewolf/Mafia games are played on many sites as well as on their own automatic, forum-integrated software.
^ a b For example, the Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf Sorcerer. has the ability to detect the "Seer" role. (The "sorcerer" is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton University's, in which the "Wizard" has the ability to detect the Seer.) Whatever name this role is known by, the "Detective-detector" is typically aligned with the Mafia (for example, see: 9 Player Werewolf "Evil" team (2005).)
^ Mafia (con). Retrieved on 2007-12-20. “Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members”
^ Davidoff, Dimma. Original Mafia Rules. “my reservations of including different knowledge bearing characters (inspector, angel, seer). [is that] The only knowledge in the game is Mafia connections, everything else is artificial.”
^ As of November 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to becomes a "Seer". The Do you worship Cthulhu Deck Setup. specifies that a "Seer" card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Similarly, the Lupus in Tabula "Preparation" calls for the "Seer" card to be dealt to somebody even if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). Getting Started with Ultimate Werewolf Role Selection. advises that even the "introductory game" should include the Seer (with further optional roles being added in addition to the seer in later games). Werewolves of Millers hollow uses the "Fortune Teller" name for the "Detective" but the role is identical to the standard "seer"/"angel"/"detective", and is again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in Are You a Werewolf? - though it is after the werewolves' phase.)
^ For example, The Mafia rules (MIT). are very simple, and specify roles for 7-20 players, always including at least one "Detective". Andrew Plotkin's original Werewolf always includes a "Villager (Seer)", and he mentions that in 1997 "Mafia" was played in the National Puzzlers' League convention with a "Knight Commandant". (The role of the "Knight Commandant" or "Knight" is described in detail as having the standard "Detective" powers in: National Puzzlers' League -- 1997 Convention Reports. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.) Plotkin describes Davidoff's original game (which had no Detective) as "well off the current average". A rare modern rule-set with "No Inspector" is: Engstrøm, Vegard (1999). The Game Player Constellations. but only when starting with five, larger groups get at least one inspector.
^ The Devil role is usually given to a non-Mafioso traitor. See: Variants of Mafia Rules: Devil and Wizard.
^ For example: Ultimate Werewolf Little Girl Card..
^ Name: Naive Cop. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate”
^ For example, "The Oracle" in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they pick the "Master Werewolf" – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager card.
^ Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, but this isn't required; they usually indicate the player to protect in a separate phase of gameplay (a separate part of the night) than the Mafia's killing phase. The "Mafia-Doctor" is a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the opposite power (from the Doctor) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.
^ The protected player gains complete invulnerability during the night they are visited by the "Doctor" or "Bodyguard". The Mafia don't usually know the identity of the protected player, nor get a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected player (e.g., Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.).
^ For example, see the 2+2 rule-set describing the Nurse: Mafia rules.
^ Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter.
^ Do you worship Cthulu Roles and Quick Reference Script. Retrieved on 2007-11-21.. This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the Walrus role-blocker.
^ Variants of Mafia Rules: Rambo. which the old Princeton University guide classifies as an uncommon variant.
^ The Hunter appears in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow, for example. The "Woodcutter" is a (less common) equivalent name for the role.
^ The Godfather role is played differently between variants. If immunity to detection is the Godfather's only power, his leadership of the Mafia need only be nominal: Name: Godfather.
^ A typical Traitor-type role is the "Possessed" Special Character from The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules.
^ The Variants of Mafia Rules Judas/Saulus. role is described as original to Albert Ziegler jr. by the Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton. This role requires that other variations be in play to give alternative explanations for a failed day-time lynching. The name for the mafioso-to-innocent role is usually "Saul".
^ Mafia vs Werewolves.
^ The thief's action usually applies for a single night, as in: Mafia Game: IRC Version.. The thief sometimes has a purely investigative function - being only able to determine the roles from stolen items.Thief.
^ The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer according to the Pub Game rules: Serial Killer.. When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may be "The Psychopath", as in: Name: Pyschiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: Third Party at MafiaScum.net)..
^ For example, Ultimate Werewolf Masons recognize one another from the first night: Mason Card.
^ Princeton's Variants of Mafia Rules Masons.
^ Cupid card. in Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf, for example.
^ Mafia variant: President. described by MafiaSpiel.de, for example.
^ Other than the Yakuza, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the night this power is used. The potential existence of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fear of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they expect the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).[citation needed]
^ Medical Examiner.
^ The Priest alone knows whether the dead were innocent in the World Boardgaming Championships game described by Bruno Wolff in Werewolf rules. Retrieved on 2007-11-19.
^ The Medium function varies, for example see summarized 'Medium-enabled séance' rules from Werewolf at: boredgamegeeks. Retrieved on 2007-11-14., as opposed to the Lupus in Tabula Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (see: Lupus in Tabula (English rules) Special Characters.).
^ The Princeton University "Mafia vs. Werewolves" rules grant the Governor the power to pardon execution victims (in effect, after the lynching) for example: (The Powers (page 2), Governor.. Retrieved on 2007-11-15.).
^ Martyr. Retrieved on 2007-11-16.
^ The "Witch" was introduced as a special character in The Werewolves of Millers Hollow, she also has a single-use killing potion.
^ The "bullet proof" effect typically applies to night-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the Ultimate Werewolf "Amulet of Protection" (bulletproof vest equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles do give permanent protection from "mafia" attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula Werehamster
^ For example see the lengthy variant role list at MafiaWiki The roles..
^ The 'separate waking' method of designating victims is used in the official Mayday. rules, for example. (This is a Soviet Union-themed variant with other expanded rules, released under Creative Commons licensing.)
^ Specific conditions triggering elimination by moderator vary and are usually announced in advance, for example: Early warning thread for Mafia game #2 (2006-04-19).. The game moderator will sometimes threaten "Wrath of God" for disruptions, or inactivity: Wolf (Forum game). “Anyone who fails to vote for three days in a row is subject to the Wrath of God”
^ 7-0-7, Jon Bennett Mafia Advanced Rules. Additional rules created by Jon Bennett, accepted in local Mafia circles.
^ Mafia!! (2008-02-16).
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_%28game%29"
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This article is about the party game. For the video game, see Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven. For other uses, see Mafia (disambiguation).
Mafia (game)
A game of Mafia being played at EuroOSCON 2006
Players
4 or more1
Age range
9 and up
Skills required
Strategic thoughtTeam playSocial skillsRoleplay
1See Basic gameplay below.2Varies greatly with setting; see online play.
Mafia (also known as Werewolf) is a party game modeling a battle between an informed minority and an uninformed majority. Players are secretly assigned roles: either "mafia", who know each other; or "innocents", who know only the number of mafia amongst them. During the night phase of the game, the Mafia choose an innocent to kill. During the day phase, all players debate the identities of the Mafia and vote to kill someone whom the majority suspect. Players are eliminated until only innocents or mafia remain; the surviving side wins. Mafia is rarely played in groups of fewer than five, and must always start with more innocents than mafia.
Contents[hide]
1 History
2 Basic gameplay
2.1 Roles
2.2 Night
2.3 Day
2.4 Phase duration
2.5 Win condition
2.6 Number of Mafia
3 Variations
3.1 Optional roles
3.2 Optional rules
4 Online play
5 External links
6 See also
7 Notes
//
[edit] History
Mafia was created in the spring of 1986 by Dimma Davidoff at the Psychological Department of Moscow State University , and the first players were playing in classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow University.[1] The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in Europe (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, England, Norway) and then the United States. Mafia is considered to be one of "the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800" by about.com.[2]
Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a Werewolf theme in 1997[3] - Looney Labs have sold a derivative as Are You a Werewolf?, as have Asmodée Éditions under the title Werewolves of Millers Hollow, Mayfair Games as Lupus in Tabula (Latin for Werewolves at the Table), and Béziers games as Ultimate Werewolf.
David and Jon Huston created the first licensed version in the theme of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos called Do You Worship Cthulhu, published by Toy Vault, Inc. The main card art was completed by Ron Spencer and Walt Howington designed the Instruction graphics.
A variation of Mafia was used to promote the film Cry_Wolf (2005), having one wolf, one shepherd, and a number of sheep, with no day and night phases.
Adam Gopnik devotes a chapter to describing the game in Through the Children's Gate.[4]
In June 2006, a Rockingham school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their fifth-grade children.[5]
Ernest Fedorov runs a "Mafia Club" in Kyiv, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes, with the victor of the tournament grand final winning a trip to Sicily.[6]
[edit] Basic gameplay
Players make themselves comfortable in a space such that every player can see every other player.
[edit] Roles
Roles are assigned by a method which is both confidential and verifiable, often by dealing cards; a red or black card signifies the role as either:
Mafia (alternatively,Scum, Werewolves, Worshippers, or Thieves)
Innocents (alternatively, Villagers, Townspeople, Townsfolk, Civilians, or Citizens).
Other roles are possible (see Variants).
Generally, game play also requires a Narrator (alternatively, Dealer, Don, God, Host, Moderator, Proctor, or Storyteller), a person not playing, but moderating the game. The Narrator knows the roles of each player and effectively narrates game play.
[edit] Night
The Narrator tells everyone to close their eyes and lower their heads ("It is now nighttime and all the villagers are asleep...") This can optionally be accompanied by all players tapping gently to mask any giveaway sounds of player movement. On the first night, the Narrator tells the Mafia to open their eyes and acknowledge their fellow Mafia members. Variations at this point:
The Mafia may have a chance to kill off one of the Innocents by show of hands. (On the first night, the Mafia may "kill" the Narrator so that every Innocent gets a chance to participate in at least one execution decision. The Narrator then says in the Morning that he was killed and game play continues as usual.)
Optionally, Mafia members must secretly communicate during the daytime and then unanimously agree to kill someone during the nighttime without opening their eyes to communicate (such as by having the narrator call out the names of each player, with Mafia players raising a hand to signify a kill).
In large groups, each Mafia member can kill one person per night.
In large groups, a Master Mafia member (Master Werewolf) has the ability to induct innocents into the Mafia (or infect villagers into werewolves).
Other variant characters may have turns to open their eyes to do "business" during the night (before or after the Mafia).
[edit] Day
The Narrator tells everyone to wake up and announces the Mafia's victim. Usually this involves the Narrator telling a story about the murder scene that the remaining players wake up to, and/or a story of how the victim was killed. For example, "The police chief said, 'Bob was shot seven times, stabbed three times, and drowned in the river. This is the worst case of suicide I've ever seen.'" This player is "dead" and may no longer participate in the game in any way, and is thus permitted to keep their eyes open at night.
Depending on the variant, The Narrator may reveal the identity of dead players, dead players may reveal themselves by flipping their cards face up (most common version), or the alignment of the dead may remain hidden. Typically, prematurely revealing one's identity by flipping one's card face up while still alive is considered suicide; in single-execution-per-day variants, this may count as the execution for that day.
During the daytime phase, the players deliberate over which suspected Mafia member they wish to nominate for execution. The Innocents want to execute a Mafia member but all players are allowed to vote. Generally, The Narrator will administer the election, the nominee may be given a chance to defend themselves and a majority is required for the execution to be carried out, although voting variants abound. The same rules apply to players who are executed as to players killed by the Mafia. In some variants, multiple players may be killed during the same day. Usually, each player must vote, can only vote once and cannot vote for themselves.
[edit] Phase duration
Daytime and nighttime can move quickly in live play, as daily executions and nightly decisions are communicated in real time. Daytime phases usually require a majority to be reached in order for a lynch (execution) to occur and effectively end the round. A set time limit may also be applied to this condition. At night, the evil factions have more information, and less to deliberate. Because of that, night is considerably shorter than day.
When playing online, more time is needed to reach decisions. Players aren't usually available in unison, so forum-based phases tend to last longer than live phases. Online "turbos" replicate live games in requiring all players' continuous participation; the day phase is typically 20 or 25 minutes long and the night phase is usually 5 minutes long. In long online games, days usually run from 9am to 9pm and nights from 9pm to 9am.[7]
[edit] Win condition
The game ends either when the last Mafia member is killed (Innocent victory) or the Mafia members equal or outnumber the Innocents during the day (Mafia victory). The innocents have no way of voting off mafia members at this point, but the mafia can still kill each night. Other variants have different victory conditions.
[edit] Number of Mafia
A game with just one more innocent player than Mafia players during the day phase will be won by the innocents if they always kill mafiosi (otherwise, they lose). A game starting with a night kill must begin with at least two more innocents than mafiosi to permit an innocent victory.
The optimal number of each type of character depends on players' preferences for game length and Mafia win percentage. A good rule of thumb is about one mafia for every two non-mafia members. So one mafia member for under five players, two mafia for five to seven players, three mafia for eight to ten players, and so on. For greater than sixteen players, games usually last too long and the dead become restless. It can add excitement to conceal how many mafia are playing (narration: "either two or three mafiosi are amongst you").
Generally, fewer players result in fewer turns and thus less time to determine the identity of the mafia. The inclusion of "variant" characters typically decreases the Mafia's chance of victory. For example, the addition of a Sheriff or Doctor will decrease the expected Mafia win percentage.
Allowing the Townspeople to abstain from killing on certain turns can decrease or increase the Mafia win percentage as can variants which make it more difficult for the Mafia to achieve a kill (e.g., requiring them to agree on a victim independently). The "no kill" variant compensates to some extent for the disadvantage given to odd numbers of Townspeople. Otherwise, 2n+1 Innocents are less likely to win than 2n Innocents (for n>2) because they have decreased their odds of voting for a Mafia each turn without increasing their number of turns (resulting in ties rather than Mafia majorities).
[edit] Variations
This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Over the years, players have created Mafia variants which utilize alternative names for characters, additional characters, and different methods for conducting deliberation, voting and killing.
[edit] Optional roles
These additional roles are named differently in the many versions of Mafia, for thematic flavor, or historical reasons. Also, the same role-name can have differing functions across different versions of the game.[8]. What follows is a general list of role types found in Mafia variants; since the specific names vary by milieu it must be non-exhaustive.
Investigative roles (Standard) - "Detective", "Policeman", "Seer", "Fortune Teller", "Angel", "Sheriff",[9] "Commandant", "Knight Commandant", "Cop", "Inspector", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Detective" can detect the alignment of other players at night. They will typically "wake up", and point at one person, whereupon the Narrator will silently answer with nods or gestures if that person is "Mafia". Although this role is theoretically optional (and was explicitly excluded by Davidoff)[10] a "Detective" is usually included in modern games. For example, somebody is always assigned this role in all commercial card game versions,[11] and almost all internet-based, and most face-to-face games start with at least one detective.[12]
Investigative roles (Less common) - "Super Commandant", "Spy", "Psychic", "Sorcerer", "Wizard", "Psychologist", "Cattani", "Devil", "Tracker", "Prophet", "Little Girl", "Oracle", etc.
The "Super Commandant" has the standard power of a "Detective", while also protecting the investigated from night-time attack. "Psychic", "Psychologist", or "Sorceror"-type investigators can determine other players' roles, rather than their alignments.[8] A "Tracker" may see what someone's night action was, or the target of their action. The Devil is the Detective's Mafia counterpart, with the night-time ability to identify empowered Innocents.[13] The "Little Girl" in Werewolf is allowed to secretly peek and watch as the werewolves choose their victim.[14] Information revealed to investigators is fallible (in more complicated variants). Online versions can give information with a confidence level, and in other variants the Narrator deceives the Detective by showing all players as Innocent, all as Guilty, giving reversed results, or random information (these can be termed as "Naïve",[15] "Paranoid", "Insane", or "Random" respectively). Additionally, some Alignment roles give immunity to successful investigation.[16]
Protective roles - "Guardian Angel", "Doctor", "Healer", "Archangel", "Bodyguard", "Sorcerer", "Doctor Mario", "Protector", "Highlander", "Nurse", "Herbalist", "Firefighter", "Girl/Boy Scout", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Doctor"-type role defends others at night.[17] Typically, they will "awaken" at night after the "Mafia" have "gone back to sleep" and point at one person to protect; that person will survive any night-time attack.[18] Sometimes they are allowed to protect themselves, sometimes only once. (A "Guardian Angel" has the doctor's powers without the ability to self-protect.) The "Nurse" gains the Doctor's abilities if the Doctor dies.[19]. The Firefighter,[20] or the Herbalist can protect from some night-time attacks but not others. (In Werewolf, for example, they choose one person to protect with wolfsbane, but that person may still be killed by the Serial Killer.)
Killing roles - "Vigilante", "Rambo", "Crazy Veteran", "Bomb", "Terrorist", "Gravedigger", "Hunter", "Village Bicycle", "Human Torch", "Woodcutter", etc.
Aside from Mafia, Werewolves, and Serial Killers (solitary guilty parties), the Innocents may have some roles with the ability to kill at night. The Vigilante is an "innocent" who kills every night, in his own night-time phase,[21] in some variations, having a limited "bullet" supply for the entire game. The Bomb/Crazy Vet may only trigger if targeted at night (not necessarily for death) by another role. Variants exist where this person can kill during the daytime cycle (e.g., the Terrorist / Gravedigger), sometimes only if executed during the daytime (e.g., the Hunter / Village Bicycle). One killer can have the ability to kill several other people at once. For example, Rambo can kill three adjacent victims.[22] And, if killed in the night, the Human Torch can kill the two surviving players closest to them in the morning. The "Woodcutter" or "Hunter" can take one other person with them when they die.[23]
Alignment roles - "Miller", "Godfather", "Alpha Wolf", "Master Werewolf", etc.
Some roles can fool investigations to determine their alignments: the Miller is an Innocent who appears guilty (usually because they are an outsider); the Godfather, on the other hand, appears innocent despite being the Mafia leader.[24] The "Alpha Wolf" or "Master Werewolf" have the same role as the Godfather in Werewolf settings.
Double-agent roles - "Godfather", "Traitor", "Possessed", "Undercover Cop", "Rat", "Judas", etc.
There is an alternative definition of "Godfather" role from the Alignment role Godfather (who is immune to alignment-detection). This "Godfather" behaves as a standard mafioso, but wakes again (after the Mafia sleep) for an extra kill. This Godfather-role wins only if he survives. The Traitor is not a mafioso, but works with their vote during the day cycle to protect Mafia and hamper the town (he wins only with a Mafia victory).[25] Conversely, "The Rat" or "Undercover Cop" is a mole within the Mafia group (winning with the innocents). Judas is an innocent who converts into a "Traitor" (and survives) when lynched (or vice versa, becoming a "Rat").[26]
Role manipulators - "Role-blocker", "Walrus", "Prostitute", "National Guardsman", "Switcher", "Bus Driver", "Thief", "Barman", etc.
These roles can stop or alter the night actions of others; for instance, they may prevent a protection or investigation from occurring, or they may change the target. The "Walrus" can block the Vigilante for a night,[27] while the "Thief" or "Prostitute" might be able to disable the powers of any selected target.[28]
Recruitment Roles - "Godfather", "Psychiatrist", "Cult Leader and Followers", etc.
Cult Leaders recruit at night instead of kill; they act as an independent faction, usually with the ability to talk at night. The Mafia Godfather may be able to recruit innocent players into his faction under certain circumstances. The Psychiatrist is an innocent with the ability to convert the Serial Killer into a normal innocent.[29]
Association roles - "Freemasons (Masons)", "Siblings", "Cupid", "Lovers”,etc.
Possessors of these roles know one another and what their roles are.[30] On the innocent's side, a "Mason" usually has no special abilities, but knows the identity of all other Masons and that all Masons are also innocent.[31] Sibling pairs typically consist of one Mafia and one Innocent; if one dies, both die. Cupid chooses a pair of "Lovers" on the first night.[32] In this variant, the Lovers can also win the game (regardless of whether they are Mafia, Innocents, or both) by being the last two standing. In some versions, if one "Lover" is killed the other dies as well.
Power roles - "Mayor", "Judge", "Sheriff", "President", etc.
This role is taken in addition to the assigned role, and it endows the player with additional, overt, powers (particularly during the daytime). Empowerment can be random, but is usually made by vote. For instance, the "Mayor" or "Sheriff" can be elected each morning, and gain two lynching votes, or a Judge could moderate discussion in parliamentary fashion (to the advantage of their "team"). The elected "President" has the sole lynching vote.[33]
Handicapped roles - "Murr", "Village Drunk", etc.
This role is, much as the power roles, taken in addition to the assigned role. However, it has the opposite effect, giving the bearer a handicap, like speaking only gibberish in the case of the Village Drunk, etc.
Mafia Team Variant Roles - "Silencer", "Yakuza", etc.
The "Silencer" can 'silence' anyone each day (except whoever was silenced yesterday). The silenced individual wakes in the morning and is immediately instructed not to talk until the end of the day (They may vote and be executed though). The Silencer does not participate in the mafia killing, and the mafia do not know who their silencer is, but he is typically aligned with them and knows their identities. The Yakuza is a regular mafia player with an extra power: they may sacrifice themselves from the second night (during the night) and choose an innocent to join the mafia team.[34]
Post-mortem roles - "Dark Background", "Priest", "Medium", "Forensic Expert", "M.E.", etc.
The "dark background" roles are standard (mafia or innocent) except for revealing a deceptive alignment when killed. The "M.E." gathers information from the killings that can help the innocents,[35] while the "Priest" learns about the alignment of the dead in the same way that the Detective learns about the living.[36] The Medium can interrogate dead players.[37]
Reanimation roles - ," "Reviver," "Master Reviver, "Governor", "Martyr", "Witch", etc.
Revivers & "Master Revivers" are able to resurrect dead players, Master Revivers can bring the revived into their association (e.g., the Masons: see Association roles). The players resurrected by a Necromancers are converted to the Necromancer's alignment. The "Governor" can reprieve those killed during the daytime,[38] as can the "Martyr"-role if he sacrifices himself.[39]. The Witch has a (single-use) revival potion. At night, she's shown who will die in the morning, and can choose to save them.[40]
Rule-immune Roles - "Bulletproof", "Oracle", etc.
A variant on receiving protection is the "Bulletproof" innocent, who becomes invulnerable to night-time attack.[41] The Oracle has an investigative role similar to a "Seer" but also has the power to talk when inactive (talking in a "sleep" phase is usually a rule infraction).
Special roles - "Baker", "Village Idiot", "Cobbler", etc.
The baker is on the side of the innocents. During the night, the baker chooses one player to be the recipient of a loaf of bread. If the baker dies, the innocents have just three nights to dispose of the mafia, or the innocents starve, and the mafia win. The Cobbler or "Village Idiot" has the objective of convincing the town to kill him, or is required to vote in favor of all proposed lynchings.
Additional variations exist, sometimes with even more specialized or complicated abilities.[42]
[edit] Optional rules
Mafia killing methods - some variants require all Mafia members to choose the same victim independently for a kill to succeed. This can be achieved either by waking the Mafia members up separately,[43] or by having them write their kills. Under this variant, Innocent players write the word 'honest' on a piece of paper; Mafia members write the name of a player for elimination. If all the mafia notes have the same name on them, that player is considered killed by the Mafia. In some online versions of the game, a particular player (the Godfather or a designated mafioso) must send in the kill.
Voting variants - some variants have a more complicated process of selecting players to be executed. Davidoff's original 'Mafia' allowed multiple day-time executions (per day), each needing only a plurality to action. Another variant requires the night-time vote to be secret and unanimous, but allows multiple players to be added to the execution queue to ensure unanimity.
"No lynch" or "No kill" - the Innocents can choose not to kill anybody during the day. Although commonly unsure of Mafia identities, the Innocents are more likely to randomly kill a mafioso than are the Mafia (at night). Therefore, "No kill" may favor the Mafia. (Furthermore, a player's role is generally revealed at death, providing reliable information to the Innocents.) However, when the number of survivors is even, "No Kill" may help the Innocents; for example, when three Innocents and one mafioso remain, "No kill" gives a 1/3 chance of killing the mafioso the next day, rather than a 1/4 chance today (assuming random lynching). Lynching an innocent either day gives a Mafia win (a daytime killing which leaves 2 innocents alive will leave one innocent and one mafioso alive the next morning, usually ruled a win for the Mafia).
Random narrator - to eliminate the inconvenience of being killed first, this variant has the Innocent killed on the first night become the Narrator. The Mafia must inform this victim of their death without revealing themselves. The writing variant works best.
Multiple families - (or a Mafia group and a Werewolf group) act and win independently, giving faster gameplay and the potential for "cross-fire" between the factions.
Imprisonment - allows players to be sent to prison as an alternative to execution. They can either be sent there by vote or at the discretion of an optional character. Imprisoned players move to a separate room, possibly with a separate narrator. Murders can happen in prison and certain roles or events can liberate players.
Kidnapping - like imprisonment, this variant allows for a Kidnapper character to remove individuals from the game temporarily. If the kidnapper is killed (or, in some cases, investigated by an Investigative role), the kidnapped return. While kidnapped, players are inactive, and can not watch night-time events.
Wrath of God - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one or more Innocents, to carry a cost for their death(s). If the Mafia selects said Innocent during the night round, then the mafioso who selected the "protected" player will also die as a result. If, during the day round, any player leads an accusation towards the "protected" player and that player is voted out, then the original accuser shall die as well. ("Wrath of God" in online games often refers to the moderator killing off inactive or disruptive players, not to this rule variation.)[44]
Plague - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one player who dies of plague in the morning. A player who targets the plagued player at night may contract the plague as a result.
Punishment - this variant is generally used as a drinking or risk based game. When a person is killed in the game they are made to take a punishment. In drinking circles this may be a shot of Gin or Vodka.
Lives - this variant requires the Narrator to keep track of the players' lives on a piece of paper, because every player has two or more lives. This extends the game when there are too few players for the standard rules. Kills (in the night & day phases) reduce these lives, until a player reaches zero lives and is eliminated. Mafia 'kills' which reduce lives are usually not announced to the innocents.
Lives with Anemia - this variant is based on Lives but some (randomly chosen) players have a single life.
"The Cult of the Giant Clam" - this variant allows both villagers and the Mafia (or werewolves) to sign a suicide pact. At night, the Narrator says "I call the Cult of the Giant Clam" or something along those lines. Those wishing to join the Cult open their eyes, to see the other cultists, before going back to sleep. Any member of the Cult may say "Clam" at any time, and all who have joined the Cult die. Members of the Cult may call it before deaths are announced: the Narrator says "In the morning everyone wakes up except for-" and a member of the Cult may cut in with "Clam", killing all members.
Attributes - in this variant, players are given two cards: the first contains their role, the second an attribute. Attributes are originally derived from roles that could apply to both Mafia and Innocent alignments: currently including Bulletproof (cannot be killed at night), Mayor (has two votes in the lynch), and Siamese Twins (more commonly know as Siblings or Lovers).[45]
[edit] Online play
This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2007)Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Although Mafia is usually played face to face, online play is also common. These games last longer, and allow player's votes and words to be reviewed more easily. There are many forms of online play: the film Cry Wolf was promoted through a wolves vs sheep variant, played over AOL Instant Messenger. Online play typically means Internet forum-play, with early games including those in the forum of mathematical puzzle site Grey Labyrinth in 2000.[46] The standard human-moderated games require one or two moderators: a sign up thread is created announcing the game, and once the game has sufficient players, play can begin. It starts in the night phase with mafiosi communicating via email before submitting their kill (to the moderator). The moderator then writes the appropriate death scene for those that were eliminated, and posts a dawn scene. Software can automate the moderator function, but this is rarer. All players can now discuss (in the forum) who they should execute, followed by an execution vote. Innocents are usually forbidden in-game communication outside of the public forum.
Mafia is also played on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) using private messages to send votes and channel modes to allow private communication during the night. The most common room for this is found on EFnet in channel #mafiagame.[citation needed]
Fictional reality themes are common in online play, which will work with any group of well known characters. The Simpsons, Hanna Barbera, The Lord of the Rings have been used, for example, because of their extensive character sets. Players are assigned characters from the theme, with matching roles. Generic themes are also popular - such as the Werewolf-theme.
To overcome a lot of those problems an email version was invented by a group of programmers and players on richard's pbemserver. The end result was written down as a ruleset. Most of the times the Werewolf variant is played, but it has the same rules as Mafia and sometimes both Mafia and Werewolf groups are trying to kill the village. The games take mostly one week and every month 3 games are started and finished.
[edit] External links
The original Mafia ruleset
Hungarian Mensa Society - first Mafia page on the net
The Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton University's page has an extensive list of variations
Werewolf: A Mind Game describes the original 'Werewolf' variant of the game.
Mafia/Werewolf at BoardGameGeek
Grey Labyrinth - the birthplace of online Mafia
MafiaScum - largest dedicated site for online Mafia play; also includes a wiki containing roles and theory
[edit] See also
Assassin (game)
[edit] Notes
^ Andrew Plotkin's Werewolf page History section. quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and "likely over next summer, through student summer camps". He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
^ Arneson, Erik. Board and Card Games Timeline.. About.com also includes Mafia in the "Top 5 Best Voting Games". The reason it is significant is given: Werewolf / Mafia. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. “Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles.”
^ Werewolf A Mind Game. is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. ISBN 18472432X.
^ Davis, Aaron (2006-08-04). School officials still investigating 'Mafia'. Seacoast Media Group. “One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, "My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?"”. The Rockingham News story about investigation into the Mafia games at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School includes Davidoff's response: "I do understand the parents' concern, being a parent myself and having studied child psychology for 25 years. I want to reassure you that the positive message of the game would overcome any possible negative affects of an 'evil narrator.'"
^ Berest, Pavlo (2006-03-08). Intellectuals playing mafia games. “Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov.” The club has its own rules, see: Club "Империя Мафии".
^ The USGamers Werewolf Rules & Gameplay. section describes the way online Werewolf/Mafia games are played on many sites as well as on their own automatic, forum-integrated software.
^ a b For example, the Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf Sorcerer. has the ability to detect the "Seer" role. (The "sorcerer" is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton University's, in which the "Wizard" has the ability to detect the Seer.) Whatever name this role is known by, the "Detective-detector" is typically aligned with the Mafia (for example, see: 9 Player Werewolf "Evil" team (2005).)
^ Mafia (con). Retrieved on 2007-12-20. “Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members”
^ Davidoff, Dimma. Original Mafia Rules. “my reservations of including different knowledge bearing characters (inspector, angel, seer). [is that] The only knowledge in the game is Mafia connections, everything else is artificial.”
^ As of November 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to becomes a "Seer". The Do you worship Cthulhu Deck Setup. specifies that a "Seer" card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Similarly, the Lupus in Tabula "Preparation" calls for the "Seer" card to be dealt to somebody even if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). Getting Started with Ultimate Werewolf Role Selection. advises that even the "introductory game" should include the Seer (with further optional roles being added in addition to the seer in later games). Werewolves of Millers hollow uses the "Fortune Teller" name for the "Detective" but the role is identical to the standard "seer"/"angel"/"detective", and is again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in Are You a Werewolf? - though it is after the werewolves' phase.)
^ For example, The Mafia rules (MIT). are very simple, and specify roles for 7-20 players, always including at least one "Detective". Andrew Plotkin's original Werewolf always includes a "Villager (Seer)", and he mentions that in 1997 "Mafia" was played in the National Puzzlers' League convention with a "Knight Commandant". (The role of the "Knight Commandant" or "Knight" is described in detail as having the standard "Detective" powers in: National Puzzlers' League -- 1997 Convention Reports. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.) Plotkin describes Davidoff's original game (which had no Detective) as "well off the current average". A rare modern rule-set with "No Inspector" is: Engstrøm, Vegard (1999). The Game Player Constellations. but only when starting with five, larger groups get at least one inspector.
^ The Devil role is usually given to a non-Mafioso traitor. See: Variants of Mafia Rules: Devil and Wizard.
^ For example: Ultimate Werewolf Little Girl Card..
^ Name: Naive Cop. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate”
^ For example, "The Oracle" in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they pick the "Master Werewolf" – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager card.
^ Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, but this isn't required; they usually indicate the player to protect in a separate phase of gameplay (a separate part of the night) than the Mafia's killing phase. The "Mafia-Doctor" is a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the opposite power (from the Doctor) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.
^ The protected player gains complete invulnerability during the night they are visited by the "Doctor" or "Bodyguard". The Mafia don't usually know the identity of the protected player, nor get a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected player (e.g., Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.).
^ For example, see the 2+2 rule-set describing the Nurse: Mafia rules.
^ Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter.
^ Do you worship Cthulu Roles and Quick Reference Script. Retrieved on 2007-11-21.. This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the Walrus role-blocker.
^ Variants of Mafia Rules: Rambo. which the old Princeton University guide classifies as an uncommon variant.
^ The Hunter appears in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow, for example. The "Woodcutter" is a (less common) equivalent name for the role.
^ The Godfather role is played differently between variants. If immunity to detection is the Godfather's only power, his leadership of the Mafia need only be nominal: Name: Godfather.
^ A typical Traitor-type role is the "Possessed" Special Character from The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules.
^ The Variants of Mafia Rules Judas/Saulus. role is described as original to Albert Ziegler jr. by the Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton. This role requires that other variations be in play to give alternative explanations for a failed day-time lynching. The name for the mafioso-to-innocent role is usually "Saul".
^ Mafia vs Werewolves.
^ The thief's action usually applies for a single night, as in: Mafia Game: IRC Version.. The thief sometimes has a purely investigative function - being only able to determine the roles from stolen items.Thief.
^ The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer according to the Pub Game rules: Serial Killer.. When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may be "The Psychopath", as in: Name: Pyschiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: Third Party at MafiaScum.net)..
^ For example, Ultimate Werewolf Masons recognize one another from the first night: Mason Card.
^ Princeton's Variants of Mafia Rules Masons.
^ Cupid card. in Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf, for example.
^ Mafia variant: President. described by MafiaSpiel.de, for example.
^ Other than the Yakuza, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the night this power is used. The potential existence of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fear of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they expect the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).[citation needed]
^ Medical Examiner.
^ The Priest alone knows whether the dead were innocent in the World Boardgaming Championships game described by Bruno Wolff in Werewolf rules. Retrieved on 2007-11-19.
^ The Medium function varies, for example see summarized 'Medium-enabled séance' rules from Werewolf at: boredgamegeeks. Retrieved on 2007-11-14., as opposed to the Lupus in Tabula Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (see: Lupus in Tabula (English rules) Special Characters.).
^ The Princeton University "Mafia vs. Werewolves" rules grant the Governor the power to pardon execution victims (in effect, after the lynching) for example: (The Powers (page 2), Governor.. Retrieved on 2007-11-15.).
^ Martyr. Retrieved on 2007-11-16.
^ The "Witch" was introduced as a special character in The Werewolves of Millers Hollow, she also has a single-use killing potion.
^ The "bullet proof" effect typically applies to night-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the Ultimate Werewolf "Amulet of Protection" (bulletproof vest equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles do give permanent protection from "mafia" attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula Werehamster
^ For example see the lengthy variant role list at MafiaWiki The roles..
^ The 'separate waking' method of designating victims is used in the official Mayday. rules, for example. (This is a Soviet Union-themed variant with other expanded rules, released under Creative Commons licensing.)
^ Specific conditions triggering elimination by moderator vary and are usually announced in advance, for example: Early warning thread for Mafia game #2 (2006-04-19).. The game moderator will sometimes threaten "Wrath of God" for disruptions, or inactivity: Wolf (Forum game). “Anyone who fails to vote for three days in a row is subject to the Wrath of God”
^ 7-0-7, Jon Bennett Mafia Advanced Rules. Additional rules created by Jon Bennett, accepted in local Mafia circles.
^ Mafia!! (2008-02-16).
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_%28game%29"
2008年3月30日 星期日
To taste all kinds of food
I made a phone call home through skype this morning, and I was happy to hear that Father and Mother are both good. Father says he doesn't feel painful woth his stomach so often as before. Mother concerns about me health situation. They asked me not to save money here, because it's a precious opportunity in a foreign country. I answered that I don't like most of them (except the food made by Paul's mother^^).
I just like kebap the most for 1.5 euros. I don't waste money because I will use it for the right purpose. I know I am not from a rich family, and I still don't make money. either. Even though some people will think that I am a strange guy for not taking tram in Graz, I don't care. I won't force myself, and I know when the time is to spend money. This is my life, which is controlled and managed by myself, and I also have to be responsible for it. When it's necessary, such as presents and long-term trip tickets, I pay undoubtedly.
By no means can I take advantage of others, especially my dear friends and family. I am convinced that I am not stingy, but smart. We will see!
I just like kebap the most for 1.5 euros. I don't waste money because I will use it for the right purpose. I know I am not from a rich family, and I still don't make money. either. Even though some people will think that I am a strange guy for not taking tram in Graz, I don't care. I won't force myself, and I know when the time is to spend money. This is my life, which is controlled and managed by myself, and I also have to be responsible for it. When it's necessary, such as presents and long-term trip tickets, I pay undoubtedly.
By no means can I take advantage of others, especially my dear friends and family. I am convinced that I am not stingy, but smart. We will see!
Paul's friends I have known so far
1.
Michael s....harry potter
Daniel......long hair (younger)
Christine...cute and confident (younger)
Barbara.....who? (older)
2.
Marc........driver in graz
Sinome......good in language (younger)
3.
Ronald......soccer fighter against harry potter
4.
Michael f...soccer player
5.
Conny.......language teacher
Babsi.......kindergarten teacher (younger)
6.
Michael b...lan-game host
7.
Danniel.....ice cream
8.
Thomas......girlfriend in london
9.
Andy........vienna
Martin......servus
10.
Andy e.....neighbor 31
11.
Markus.....fire fighter
12.
Steffi.....senior high classmate girl
Michael s....harry potter
Daniel......long hair (younger)
Christine...cute and confident (younger)
Barbara.....who? (older)
2.
Marc........driver in graz
Sinome......good in language (younger)
3.
Ronald......soccer fighter against harry potter
4.
Michael f...soccer player
5.
Conny.......language teacher
Babsi.......kindergarten teacher (younger)
6.
Michael b...lan-game host
7.
Danniel.....ice cream
8.
Thomas......girlfriend in london
9.
Andy........vienna
Martin......servus
10.
Andy e.....neighbor 31
11.
Markus.....fire fighter
12.
Steffi.....senior high classmate girl
An Inside Look In China
This video of google makes me think of our courses in GBP. We are also required to present in English, even though I am not so good. But the goal is not far!
Tea Egg
I made tea eggs yesterday, and my roomate asked me what that is. He wondered who will eat this kind of egg, which had been cooked for more than 5 hours and with tea! Finally, he even opened the window in the kithen to make the fresh air in and the "strange smell" out. I am sorry, but it is our best selling in Taiwan, especially in 7-eleven, a convience store over 4000 in Taiwan. Let's enjoy it^^
2008年3月27日 星期四
Cost Record----03/21~03/26
03/21
train ticket (graz to mogerstorf) x1 = 6.5
------------------------------------------
total 6.5
03/22
nothing
03/23
nothing
03/24
nothing
03/25
bus ticket (st. michael to graz) x1 = 6
kebap x1 = 1.5
instant noodle x4 = 2.3
tapioca x1 = 1.3
milk x1 = 0.85
-----------------------------------
total 11.6
03/26
egg x10 = 1.89
vegetable x1 = 0.89
sushi and noodle x1 = 2
---------------------------
total 4.88
train ticket (graz to mogerstorf) x1 = 6.5
------------------------------------------
total 6.5
03/22
nothing
03/23
nothing
03/24
nothing
03/25
bus ticket (st. michael to graz) x1 = 6
kebap x1 = 1.5
instant noodle x4 = 2.3
tapioca x1 = 1.3
milk x1 = 0.85
-----------------------------------
total 11.6
03/26
egg x10 = 1.89
vegetable x1 = 0.89
sushi and noodle x1 = 2
---------------------------
total 4.88
2008年3月20日 星期四
Cost Record----03/13~03/20
03/13
nothing
03/14
kebap x1 = 2.5
-----------------
total 2.5
03/15
vegetable x1= 1.3
spar fanda x1= 0.5
----------------------
total 1.8
03/16
vorteils card x1 = 19.9
train ticket (graz to vienna) x1 = 15.7
sneaker x1 = 0.6
spar sprite x1 = 0.39
72-hour ticket x1 = 13.6
---------------------------------
total 50.19
03/17
ice cream x1 = 2.2
pork x1 = 2.5
vegetable x1 = 1.5
instant noodle x2= 1.3
tofu x2 = 0.9
大茂脆筍 x1 = 2.6
beer x1 = 2.9
taxi x1 = 2.1
---------------------------
total 16
03/18
sweat ginger x1 = 1.49
-------------------------
total 1.49
03/19
chinese meal x1 = 5.8
train ticket (vienna to graz) x1 = 15.7
milk x1 =0.85
cornflakes x1 = 1.39
-----------------------
total 23.74
03/20
suger x1 = 0.79
meat sauce x1 = 1.49
cookies x1 = 0.89
black tea (50 bags inside) x1 = 0.89
-------------------------------------
total 4.06
nothing
03/14
kebap x1 = 2.5
-----------------
total 2.5
03/15
vegetable x1= 1.3
spar fanda x1= 0.5
----------------------
total 1.8
03/16
vorteils card x1 = 19.9
train ticket (graz to vienna) x1 = 15.7
sneaker x1 = 0.6
spar sprite x1 = 0.39
72-hour ticket x1 = 13.6
---------------------------------
total 50.19
03/17
ice cream x1 = 2.2
pork x1 = 2.5
vegetable x1 = 1.5
instant noodle x2= 1.3
tofu x2 = 0.9
大茂脆筍 x1 = 2.6
beer x1 = 2.9
taxi x1 = 2.1
---------------------------
total 16
03/18
sweat ginger x1 = 1.49
-------------------------
total 1.49
03/19
chinese meal x1 = 5.8
train ticket (vienna to graz) x1 = 15.7
milk x1 =0.85
cornflakes x1 = 1.39
-----------------------
total 23.74
03/20
suger x1 = 0.79
meat sauce x1 = 1.49
cookies x1 = 0.89
black tea (50 bags inside) x1 = 0.89
-------------------------------------
total 4.06
2008年3月14日 星期五
Get off the wrong station
Last time when I went to Kapfenberg to find Vivian, Ruby, and Ricky, something stupid and exciting happened.
I was very sick at that time, so I paid attention to check the timetable of the train to Kapfenberg and asked them when I arrived before I left the dorm. On the train, I set the alarm clock of my watch so that I won't miss the station. They didn't broadcast the name of the station. When it was 12:02, as they told me the time in Kapfenberg, the train stopped.
"Austrian is really a punctual country!" I thought of this in my mind. I got off very quickly, but I found nobody waiting in front of the station later. Where am I? I went to the ticket machine and see it's Bruck here! ARE YOU KIDDING ME!
I went to a man, asking how to take next train to Kapfenberg, but he answered me that it wil be 4 hours later in the morning to have the train to Kapfenberg. He suggested me to take taxi, and it cost meabout ten euros. I had to go to Kapfenberg because my Taiwanese must worry about me. I could't sleep in the train station although it's warmer.
"Show me the direction to Kapfenberg." I asked the man. I decided to walk and I think seven km the man told me should not be a problem for me. I walked along the railroad, and it's 12:30 in the morning when everybody was sleeping in Austria, and when everyone was eating breakfast in Taiwan. It's so dark, only the moon shed some light to the road. In fact, I was kind of afraid and thought maybe the bad guy or the European ghost are hiding somewhere. I was like a soilder who was marching in the countryside.
After twenty minutes, I arrived an railroad office. I tried to ask their help, seeing if they can take me a ride or lend me a bicycle at least. Finally, a nice man who can speak a little English agreed to drive me to Kapfenberg. When I met my friends, I almost cried out in that it's already 2 o'clock in the morning. It's truly an unforgettable memory and like an exciting advanture.
PS. I kepting walking for twenty minutes, and just one km because the guy in the office told me it's still six km from here to Kapfenberg. It's about two hours for me. I should have known how far 7 km is. ^^
I was very sick at that time, so I paid attention to check the timetable of the train to Kapfenberg and asked them when I arrived before I left the dorm. On the train, I set the alarm clock of my watch so that I won't miss the station. They didn't broadcast the name of the station. When it was 12:02, as they told me the time in Kapfenberg, the train stopped.
"Austrian is really a punctual country!" I thought of this in my mind. I got off very quickly, but I found nobody waiting in front of the station later. Where am I? I went to the ticket machine and see it's Bruck here! ARE YOU KIDDING ME!
I went to a man, asking how to take next train to Kapfenberg, but he answered me that it wil be 4 hours later in the morning to have the train to Kapfenberg. He suggested me to take taxi, and it cost meabout ten euros. I had to go to Kapfenberg because my Taiwanese must worry about me. I could't sleep in the train station although it's warmer.
"Show me the direction to Kapfenberg." I asked the man. I decided to walk and I think seven km the man told me should not be a problem for me. I walked along the railroad, and it's 12:30 in the morning when everybody was sleeping in Austria, and when everyone was eating breakfast in Taiwan. It's so dark, only the moon shed some light to the road. In fact, I was kind of afraid and thought maybe the bad guy or the European ghost are hiding somewhere. I was like a soilder who was marching in the countryside.
After twenty minutes, I arrived an railroad office. I tried to ask their help, seeing if they can take me a ride or lend me a bicycle at least. Finally, a nice man who can speak a little English agreed to drive me to Kapfenberg. When I met my friends, I almost cried out in that it's already 2 o'clock in the morning. It's truly an unforgettable memory and like an exciting advanture.
PS. I kepting walking for twenty minutes, and just one km because the guy in the office told me it's still six km from here to Kapfenberg. It's about two hours for me. I should have known how far 7 km is. ^^
2008年3月13日 星期四
Taiwan bears beat Austrilia koalas
I almost cried out happily at the same time because of your attitude, never give up, in these series of games! Taiwan, let's go to Beijing!!
Are you ok?
Kujawa is a nice and humous professor. At the first class, he introduced everyone in our class. He asked us to write down our names, countries, universities, cellphone numbers, and concentrations. After introducing two Chinese girls, he started to introduced me. "Ting, from taiwan, are you ok (point to them)?". Suddenly, everone laugh out, including me and my Chinese friends.
We are good friends, and the Chinese and the Taiwanese also can live peacefully, I believe^^
We are good friends, and the Chinese and the Taiwanese also can live peacefully, I believe^^
Cost Record----03/09~03/12
03/09
nothing
03/10
clever kakao x1 = 1.99
sauce x2 = 1.5
milk x1= 0.85
vegetables x1 = 0.89
toast x1= 0.49
fish can x3 = 23.7
plum x1 = 0.69
--------------------
total 8.78
03/11
insurance fee (Mar.) x1 = 20.94
03/12
kebap x1 = 1.5
nothing
03/10
clever kakao x1 = 1.99
sauce x2 = 1.5
milk x1= 0.85
vegetables x1 = 0.89
toast x1= 0.49
fish can x3 = 23.7
plum x1 = 0.69
--------------------
total 8.78
03/11
insurance fee (Mar.) x1 = 20.94
03/12
kebap x1 = 1.5
2008年3月8日 星期六
Party Time
Since I arrived Austria, I have been to party more than ten times in a short 20 days. Western people really like party very much, and they also like to drink alchol, to smoke, and to chat with friends. When speaking of holding a party, they always say "why not!". Even though they are party animals, they know their roles as students and still do their study hard. Compared to Asian people, especially the Taiwanese, we still have much room to improve and many issues to think about.
I don't drink, and I don't smoke, but sometimes I have to push myself to their culture. Besides, practicing English is not only about listening but also speaking, so I talk; different cultures have different views, so I think. At the same time, I try to make a balance between tradinational Chinese culture and foreign ones. I don't lose myself, but I go further.
I don't drink, and I don't smoke, but sometimes I have to push myself to their culture. Besides, practicing English is not only about listening but also speaking, so I talk; different cultures have different views, so I think. At the same time, I try to make a balance between tradinational Chinese culture and foreign ones. I don't lose myself, but I go further.
2008年3月7日 星期五
Cost Reocrd----03/04~03/06
03/04
hot dog and meat with bread x1 = 2
pork x1 = 3.48
banana (5 bananas inside ) x1 = 1.42
orange juice x1 = 0.99
-------------------------------------
total 7.89
03/05
strawberry x1 = 0.59
broccoli x1 = 0.59
spaghetti x1 = 0.59
egg (ten eggs inside) x1 = 1.79
--------------------------------------
total 3.56
03/06
tomato x1 = 0.99
room fund x1 = 5
---------------------
total 5.99
hot dog and meat with bread x1 = 2
pork x1 = 3.48
banana (5 bananas inside ) x1 = 1.42
orange juice x1 = 0.99
-------------------------------------
total 7.89
03/05
strawberry x1 = 0.59
broccoli x1 = 0.59
spaghetti x1 = 0.59
egg (ten eggs inside) x1 = 1.79
--------------------------------------
total 3.56
03/06
tomato x1 = 0.99
room fund x1 = 5
---------------------
total 5.99
Good Presentation
I finish the presentation of our group on Tuesday, and everyone seems like it very much. Firstly, two Indian boys told me that I had a good presentation. Secondly, it's two Russian girls who also gave me some compliments. I tried my best, and I hope that I can become better and better in the future!!
2008年3月3日 星期一
Racial bias in Austria
Recently, I have heard from friends and felt that some racial biases really exist in Austria. Not always Austrians, but sometimes "foreigners" in Austria do. Most of the time, it might just happen during the discussion or chat, but we don't sense that. After you go home, you think of it and feel uncomfortable.
Maybe it's because of the barrier of language, it is easier for people from different countries and different cultures misunderstand each others' meanings. And it's always the people who have less self-confidence lose first.
As a result, people who have the same background tend to get together. I don't think it's a good idea, so I try to make friends with everyone, understanding their ways of thinking. However, I am not quite sure if I can make it because I also still like to acompany with Asian people.
Maybe it's because of the barrier of language, it is easier for people from different countries and different cultures misunderstand each others' meanings. And it's always the people who have less self-confidence lose first.
As a result, people who have the same background tend to get together. I don't think it's a good idea, so I try to make friends with everyone, understanding their ways of thinking. However, I am not quite sure if I can make it because I also still like to acompany with Asian people.
Cost Record----03/01~03/03
03/01
nothing
03/02
nothing
03/03
rice x1 = 0.99
green onion x1 = 1.2
kebba x1 = 1.5
german textbook x1 = 13
--------------------------
total 16.69
nothing
03/02
nothing
03/03
rice x1 = 0.99
green onion x1 = 1.2
kebba x1 = 1.5
german textbook x1 = 13
--------------------------
total 16.69
2008年3月1日 星期六
Cost Record----02/24~02/29
02/24
nothing
02/25
rice noodle x1 = 1.29
soy sauce x1 = 1.29
chilly sauce x 1 = 1.29
chicken leg x 3 = 3.41
vegetables x 1 = 0.71
cookies x 1 = 1.09
train ticket x 1 = 5.8
--------------------------
total 14.88
02/26
uno card x 1 = 6.99
folder x 1 = 1.99
-----------------------
total 8.98
02/27
nothing
02/28
nothing
02/29
travel check change x 1 = 6
flat fee (Feb) x 1 = 249
greenbox administration fee x1 = 15
-----------------------------
total 270
nothing
02/25
rice noodle x1 = 1.29
soy sauce x1 = 1.29
chilly sauce x 1 = 1.29
chicken leg x 3 = 3.41
vegetables x 1 = 0.71
cookies x 1 = 1.09
train ticket x 1 = 5.8
--------------------------
total 14.88
02/26
uno card x 1 = 6.99
folder x 1 = 1.99
-----------------------
total 8.98
02/27
nothing
02/28
nothing
02/29
travel check change x 1 = 6
flat fee (Feb) x 1 = 249
greenbox administration fee x1 = 15
-----------------------------
total 270
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